Bacterial Pathogenesis: A Molecular Approach

542 Pages·2010·21.25 MB·English

by  Brenda A. Wilson

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Copyright (cid:2) 2011 ASM Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bacterial pathogenesis : a molecular approach / Brenda A. Wilson ... [et al.].—
3rd ed.
p. ; cm.
Rev. ed. of: Bacterial pathogenesis : a molecular approach / Abigail A.
Salyers and Dixie D. Whitt. 2nd ed. c2002.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-55581-418-2 (softcover : alk. paper) 1. Bacterial diseases—
Pathogenesis. 2. Molecular microbiology. I. Wilson, Brenda A. II. Salyers,
Abigail A. Bacterial pathogenesis.
[DNLM: 1. Bacteria—pathogenicity. 2. Bacterial Infections—etiology.
3. Bacterial Infections—prevention & control. 4. Host-Parasite Interactions.
5. Virulence. QZ 65]
QR201.B34S24 2011
616.9(cid:2)207—dc22
2010029309
Current printing (last digit)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
All Rights Reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Cover and interior design: Susan Brown Schmidler

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Contents
Preface xiii
Chapter 1
The Power of Bacteria 1
Why Are Bacteria Once Again in the Public Health
Spotlight? 1
Bacteria, an Ancient Life Form 2
Pressing Current Infectious Disease Issues 4
Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases 4
Food-Borne and Water-Borne Infections 4
Modern Medicine as a Source of New Diseases 6
Postsurgical and Other Wound Infections 6
Bioterrorism 8
A New Respect for Prevention 8
Surveillance: an Early-Warning System 9
Making Hospitals Safe for Patients 9
And Now for Some Really Good News: You’ve Got a Bacterial
Infection! 10
The H. pylori Revolution 10
The Aftermath 11
Microbiota Shift Diseases 11
Genomics 12
Modeling the Host-Pathogen Interaction in Experimental Animals 13
Correlation Studies 13
A Brave New World of Pathogenesis Research 13
SELECTED READINGS 14
QUESTIONS 15
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 2 Production of Antibodies by B Cells 64
Links between the Innate and Adaptive Defense
Skin and Mucosa: the First Lines of
Systems 65
Defense against Bacterial Infections 16 T-Cell-Independent Antibody Responses 65
Barriers: Skin and Mucosal Membranes 16 Mucosal Immunity 66
Defenses of the Skin 18 Development of the Adaptive Response System
from Infancy to Adulthood 69
Epidermis 18
Normal Microbiota 19 Adaptive Defense Systems in Nonmammals 70
Defenses of the Dermis 20
The Dark Side of the Adaptive Defenses—
Defenses of Mucosal Surfaces 21 Autoimmune Disease 70
Special Defenses of the Gastrointestinal Tract 23 SELECTED READINGS 71
Models for Studying Breaches of Barrier QUESTIONS 71
Defenses 26
SOLVING PROBLEMS IN BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS 72
SELECTED READINGS 26
QUESTIONS 27 Chapter 5
The Normal Human Microbiota 73
Chapter 3
Importance of the Normal Microbial Populations
The Innate Immune System: Always on
(Microbiota) of the Human Body 73
Guard 28
Nucleic Acid-Based Approaches to Characterization
Triggering Innate Immune Defenses 28 of the Microbiota 74
Phagocytes: Powerful Defenders of Blood and Tissue 28 Taking a Microbial Census by Using Microbial rRNA
Inflammation and Collateral Damage 36 Sequence Analysis 74
NK Cells 37 Beyond the Metagenome 90
The Complement Cascade 38 Overview of the Human Microbiota 90
Characteristics and Roles of Complement Proteins and the Skin Microbiota 90
Complement Cascade 38 Oropharyngeal Microbiota 90
Roles of Cytokines and Chemokines in Directing the Microbiota of the Small Intestine and Colon 91
Phagocyte Response 42 Microbiota of the Vaginal Tract 94
Other Activities of Cytokines 46 The Forgotten Eukaryotes 94
The Dark Side of the Innate Defenses: Septic Shock 47
SELECTED READINGS 95
SELECTED READINGS 50
QUESTIONS 95
QUESTIONS 50
SOLVING PROBLEMS IN BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS 96
Chapter 4
Chapter 6
The Second Line of Defense: Antibodies
Microbes and Disease: Establishing a
and Cytotoxic T Cells 51
Connection 98
Antibodies 52
History and Relevance of Koch’s Postulates 98
Characteristics of Antibodies and Their Diverse Roles in
The First Postulate: Association of the Microbe with
Preventing Infection 52
Lesions of the Disease 99
Serum Antibodies 54
The Second Postulate: Isolating the Bacterium in Pure
Secretory Antibodies—Antibodies That Protect Mucosal
Culture 100
Surfaces 56
The Third Postulate: Showing that the Isolated Bacterium
Affinity and Avidity 57
Causes Disease in Humans or Animals 101
CTLs 57 The Fourth Postulate: Reisolating the Bacterium from the
Intentionally Infected Animal 102
Production of Antibodies and Activated CTLs 58
Modern Alternatives To Satisfy Koch’s Postulates 102
Processing of Protein Antigens by DCs 58
Is a Fifth Postulate Needed? 103
Interaction between APCs and T Cells: the
The Microbiota Shift Disease Problem 106
T-Cell-Dependent Response 61
The Th1/Th2 View of the Adaptive Immune System 62 Concepts of Disease 106
Contents ix
Varieties of Human-Microbe Interactions 106 The Continuing Need for Reliable and Plentiful
Views of the Microbe-Human Interaction 106 Information about Disease Pathology 145
Molecular Koch’s Postulates 107 SELECTED READINGS 145
Virulence as a Complex Phenomenon 107 QUESTIONS 146
SELECTED READINGS 108 SOLVING PROBLEMS IN BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS 146
QUESTIONS 108
SOLVING PROBLEMS IN BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS 109 Chapter 9
Chapter 7 Identification of Virulence Factors:
Molecular Approaches for Bacterial
Mechanisms of Genetic Modification
Factors 149
and Exchange: Role in Pathogen
Evolution 111 Traditional Biochemical and Genetic
Approaches 151
Adapt or Perish 111
Traditional Biochemical Approaches 151
Acquiring New Virulence Traits by HGT 111
Molecular Genetic Approaches 152
Mechanisms of Genetic Change and Transposon Mutagenesis 152
Diversification 112 Measuring Virulence Gene Regulation: Gene Fusions 154
Point Mutations, Gene Deletions or Duplications, and
Finding Genes That Are Expressed In Vivo 156
Chromosomal Rearrangements 112
Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis 156
Phase Variation 112
IVET 159
Antigenic Variation 115
Genomic Methods for Identifying Virulence
HGT: Mobile Genetic Elements 116
Genes 165
Natural Transformation 116
GSH 165
Conjugation: Plasmids and Transposons 117
IVIAT 167
Phage Transduction 119
Microarrays 169
PAIs and Pathogen Evolution 121
Comparative Genomics for Vaccines and Therapeutics 171
Properties of PAIs 121
The Importance of Bacterial Physiology 171
Pathogen Evolution in Quantum Leaps 123
SELECTED READINGS 174
SELECTED READINGS 126
QUESTIONS 175
QUESTIONS 127
SOLVING PROBLEMS IN BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS 176
SOLVING PROBLEMS IN BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS 128
Chapter 10
Chapter 8
Identification of Virulence Factors:
Identification of Virulence Factors:
Molecular Approaches for Host
Measuring Infectivity and Virulence 130
Factors 178
Animal Models of Infection 131
Human Volunteers 131 Approaches to Identifying Host Factors Required
Nonhuman Animal Models 132 for Infection 178
Transgenic Animal Models 178
Measuring Bacterial Infection in Animal
Comparative Genomics of the Host Response 180
Models 135
Transcriptional and Proteomic Profiling To Identify Host
Ethical Considerations 135
Factors Required for Infection 180
LD and ID Values 137
50 50 Using Genome-Wide RNAi Screening To Identify Host
Competition Assays 138
Factors Required for Infection 184
Tissue Culture and Organ Culture Models 139 Using the Host’s Immune Response To Find Bacterial
Tissue Culture Models 139 Origins of Disease 186
Gentamicin Protection Assay 141 The Promise and the Caution 187
Plaque Assay for Cell-to-Cell Spread 143
SELECTED READINGS 187
Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques for Assessing Effects
of Pathogens on Host Cells 143 QUESTIONS 188
Organ Culture Models 144 SOLVING PROBLEMS IN BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS 188