Atomic Emission Spectra of Neutral Noble Gases in the Infrared Spectral Range PDF
Preview Atomic Emission Spectra of Neutral Noble Gases in the Infrared Spectral Range
Springer Series in Chemical Physics 122 Svatopluk Civiš · Ekaterina Zanozina · Adam Pastorek · Petr Kubelík · Martin Ferus · Ashok Chilukoti Atomic Emission Spectra of Neutral Noble Gases in the Infrared Spectral Range Springer Series in Chemical Physics Volume 122 Series Editors Jan Peter Toennies, Max Planck Institut für Dynamic und Selbstorganisation, Göttingen, Germany KaoruYamanouchi,DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofTokyo,Tokyo,Japan WolfgangZinth,InstitutefürMedizinischeOptik,UniversitätMünchen,München, Germany The Springer Series in Chemical Physics consists of research monographs inbasic and applied chemical physics and related analytical methods. The volumes of this series are written by leading researchers of their fields and communicate in a comprehensivewayboththebasicsandcutting-edgenewdevelopments.Thisseries aims to serve all research scientists, engineers and graduate students who seek up-to-date reference books. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/676 š Svatopluk Civi Ekaterina Zanozina (cid:129) (cid:129) í Adam Pastorek Petr Kubel k (cid:129) (cid:129) Martin Ferus Ashok Chilukoti (cid:129) Atomic Emission Spectra of Neutral Noble Gases in the Infrared Spectral Range 123 SvatoplukCiviš Ekaterina Zanozina J.Heyrovsky Institute of Physical J.Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry Chemistry Academy of Sciencesof the Czech Academy of Sciencesof the Czech Republic Republic Prague,Czech Republic Prague,Czech Republic AdamPastorek Petr Kubelík J.Heyrovsky Institute of Physical J.Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry Chemistry Academy of Sciencesof the Czech Academy of Sciencesof the Czech Republic Republic Prague,Czech Republic Prague,Czech Republic Martin Ferus Ashok Chilukoti J.Heyrovsky Institute of Physical J.Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry Chemistry Academy of Sciencesof the Czech Academy of Sciencesof the Czech Republic Republic Prague,Czech Republic Prague,Czech Republic ISSN 0172-6218 ISSN 2364-9003 (electronic) SpringerSeries inChemical Physics ISBN978-3-030-47351-8 ISBN978-3-030-47352-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47352-5 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland We cannot discover new oceans until we have the courage to lose sight of the shore —Muriel Chen Preface Between 2000 and 2005, I visited Japan on several occasions. I worked together with Prof. Kawaguchi on a wide range of projects, one of which was a project focused on the coupling of a high-resolution continuous Fourier Transform inter- ferometerBrukerIFS120withpulselaserorpulsedischargesources.InJapan,we used a solid-state Nd:YAG laser on its second harmonic frequency (512 nm) and later,backinPrague,anexcimerArFlaser(193nm).Wetestedthedataacquisition using an SX processor, later using a simpler programmable FPGA system that, in combination with the interferometer, governed the data collection in the proper positions of the moving mirror and their subsequent storage. Hence, we were successful in the construction of a device that added a third dimension—time—to the classic highly resolved spectra. The solution to the acquisition problem was based on the idea of fast data collection,withlargeamountsoftime-shifteddatabeingcollectedfromthedetector instead of one single signal. Using this procedure,a set of time-shifted spectra can beobtained,withalaserordischargepulseplacedinthecentre.Thissystemcreates a unique package of spectra containing information about what happens to the sample and its surface before, during and after the laser or discharge pulse. This system allows us to monitor events that were previously unobservable because of their short lifetime during the fast process of deexcitation after the pulse initiation. Together with Prof. Kawaguchi, we have constructed two unique systems for two equal interferometers, one at the Okayama University, Japan, and the other in Prague at the J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry. This book summarizes a series of studies related to noble gases. Some of them have already been published and some are newly introduced. This compilation of measured spectral lines includes some ranges where the spectral information is, so far, completelyabsent.Thesearemainlyspectrabetween 5–12lmwherewe have successfullymeasuredtransitionsbetweenhighlyexcitedRydbergstatesofneutral vii viii Preface noble-gasatoms.Westronglybelievethatourspectrawillfinduseinawiderange of scientific areas including calibration standards for experimental physics, theo- retical physics or infrared astronomy. Prague, Czech Republic Svatopluk Civiš January 2020 AcknowledgementsIamdeeplygratefultoProf.KentaroKawaguchiwhohelpedmetoimple- mentthetime-resolvedFTSmethodinourlaboratoryinPrague.Withouthisexpertiseandselfless help,thisatlaswouldprobablynevercomeintoexistence. I want to thank also Prof. Vladislav Chernov, a great theorist, with whom I have been col- laboratingforalongtimeandwhodevelopedthemethods(basedontheQuantumDefectTheory) fortheinterpretationofourspectra.Hiscodesareusedinourgroupuptothisday. IamalsogratefultoAntonínKnížekandAlanHeaysforreadingthemanuscriptandproviding valuablecomments. This work was supported by the ERDF/ESF “Centre of Advanced Applied Sciences” (grant No.CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000778)andpartlyalsobytheCzechScienceFoundationwithin theprojectreg.no.18-27653S. Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Experimental Setup and Spectral Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.1 Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2 Neon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.3 Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.4 Krypton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3.5 Xenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 References.... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 147 ix Chapter 1 Introduction Spectraofthenoblegasesareamongthemostwidelystudied,becausetheyrelateto awidevarietyofapplications.Noblegasescommonlyappearasinertgasesinmany laboratoryspectralcalibrationsources,indifferenttypesofdischarges,astrophysi- calspectra,emissionsourcesusedforphotochemistryandinplasmasemployedin industrial processing. As a proof of their widespread application, the noble gases areamongthemostfrequentlyaccessedspectraintheAtomicSpectraDatabase[1] maintained by the Atomic Spectroscopy Data Center at the National Institute of StandardsandTechnology(NIST). Ourresearchiscurrentlyfocusedonthestudyofhighly-excited(Rydberg)statesof neutralnoblegasesintheinfraredspectraldomain.Thisinvolvespreciseexperimen- tallaboratorymeasurementstogetherwithcomprehensivereviewsofallpublished datatoselectthemostreliablevaluesfortheenergylevelsthatareconsonantwith thebestspectraldata. In2002,theAtomicSpectroscopyDataCenteratNISTrecordedhigh-resolution spectra of Ne, Kr, and Xe between 0.7 and 5.0µm with the 2m NIST Fourier- transformspectrometer[2].Thesemeasurementsprovidenewprecisewavelengths and relative intensities and resolve questions concerning multiple classification of severallines. However, inlightof the great importance of noble-gas spectra and thefact that ourspectrometer(BrukerIFS120FTS)isahigh-resolutioninstrumentideallysuited toobserve thetime-resolvedemissionspectraofatomictransitions,wedecided to makenewadditionalmeasurementsofthespectraofallnoblegases(excludingRn) intheinfraredspectralrangefrom1to14µm. Comprehensive line lists containing precise wavelengths, reliable energy level classifications,andrelativelineintensitiesofthesegasesintheirnaturalisotopicmix- tureshavebeenthemaingoalofourexperimentalandtheoreticalwork.InthisAtlas, wefocusparticularlyontransitionsbetweenexcitedRydbergstatescorresponding totransitionsbetweenprincipalquantumnumbersn =6−10.Suchspectrabelong totheinfrared(IR)spectralregion(700–1800cm−1),especiallytotransitionschar- acterizedbyhighorbitalquantumnumbersl,i.e., f-,g-,h-andi-states. ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusive 1 licensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 S.Civišetal.,AtomicEmissionSpectraofNeutralNobleGases intheInfraredSpectralRange,SpringerSeriesinChemicalPhysics122, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47352-5_1
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