Atmospheric Environment 1991: Vol 25A Table of Contents

23 Pages·1991·3.4 MB·English

ATMOSPHERIC
ENVIRONMENT
Part A: General Topics
Volume 25A
1991
List of Contents and Author Index
©
PERGAMON PRESS Oxford New York Seoul Tokyo
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT PART A
EXECUTIVE EDITORS
Dr. P. Brimblecombe, Norwich, U.K. . J. P. Lodge, Jr., Boulder, CO
Dr. M. Benarie, Bretigny, France . A. S. Lefohn, Helena, MT
Prof. R. D. Bornstein, San Jose, CA (with . P. J. Lioy, Piscataway, NJ
special responsibility for Urban Atmosphere) . H. B. Singh, Moffett Field, CA
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Dr. H. M. ApSimon, London, U.K. Dr. A. Longhetto, Turin, Italy
Prof. D. Azimi-Garakani, Villigen, Switzerland Prof. J. E. Lovelock, Reading, U.K.
Prof. M. E. Berlyand, Leningrad, U.S.S.R. Dr. E. Mészaros, Budapest, Hungary
Dr. K. Biersteker, Wageningen, Prof. Dr. Ir. F. T. M. Nieuwstadt, Delft,
The Netherlands The Netherlands
Prof. Dr. P. J. H. Builtjes, Apeldoorn, Mr. V. Novotny, Prague, Czechoslovakia
The Netherlands Dr. T. Okita, Jbaraki, Japan
Prof. T. J. Chandler, Orpington, U.K. Dr. L. P. Prahm, Roskilde, Denmark
Prof. P. K. Dasgupta, Lubbock, TX Dr. A. G. Robins, Leatherhead, U.K.
as L. Demerjian, Albany, NY Dr. E. Runca, Verona, Italy
- G. Fox, Fort Collins, CO Prof. V. C. Runeckles, Vancouver, Canada
x - A. Garland, Harwell, U.K. Dr. S. E. Schwartz, Upton, NY
we. F. Gatz, Champaign, IL Prof. R. S. Scorer, London, U.K.
. Harrison, Seattle, WA Prof. J. H. Seinfeld, Pasadena, CA
_R. M. Harrison, Birmingham, U.K. Prof. M. P. Singh, New Delhi, India
. B. E. Hesketh, Carbondale, IL Dr. W. G. N. Slinn, Richland, WA
. C. S. Hirtzel, Syracuse, NY Dr. F. B. Smith, Bracknell, U.K.
Prof. Dr. H. Horvath, Wien, Austria Dr. K. Spurny, Grafschaft, Germany
Dr. J. C. R. Hunt, Cambridge, U.K. Dr. K. Takeuchi, Tokyo, Japan
Prof. O. Hutzinger, Bayreuth, Germany Dr. D. T. Tingey, Corvallis, OR
Dr. D. J. Jacob, Cambridge, MA Prof. M. H. Unsworth, Loughborough, U.K.
Dr. W. Jaeschke, Frankfurt, Germany Dr. H. van Dop, De Bilt, The Netherlands
Dr. Y. Y. Jiang, Shanghai, China Dr. D. M. Whelpdale, Ontario, Canada
Prof. W. Klug, Darmstadt, Germany Dr. D. J. Williams, North Ryde, Australia
Dr. D. Kithner, Odenthal, Germany Dr. W. E. Wilson, Research Triangle Park, NC
Mr. T. V. Lawson, Bristol, U.K. Dr. P. Zannetti, Milano, Italy
Dr. O. Lindqvist, Goteborg, Sweden
FORMER EXECUTIVE EDITOR
Dr. D. J. Moore (1967-1989)
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CONTENTS OF VOLUME 25A
Number 1
The Nitrate Radical: Physics, Chemistry, and the Atmosphere
R. P. Wayne, I. Barnes, P. Biggs, J. P. Burrows, C. E. Canosa-Mas, J. Hjorth, G. Le Bras,
G. K. Moortgat, D. Perner, G. Poulet, G. Restelli, and H. Sidebottom
Preface
. Introduction
. Spectroscopy, structure, and photochemistry
II.A. Spectroscopy
II.A.1. Visible electronic absorption spectrum
II.A.2. Infrared absorption spectrum
II.A.3. Fluorescence excitation and emission spectrum: laser induced
fluorescence (LIF)
II.A.4. Electron spin resonance
II.B. Structure
II.B.1. Survey of the theoretical approaches
II.B.2. Experimental evidence for the structure of sym-NO,
II.B.3. The other isomer: peroxynitrite, OONO
II.B.4. Conclusions
II.C. Thermochemistry
II.C.1. Heat of formation
II.C.2. Standard entropy
II.D. Absorption cross sections
II.D.1. Importance of the absorption cross section
II.D.2. Absorption cross section at room temperature
II.D.3. Temperature dependence of the absorption cross section
II.D.4. Absorption cross sections: evaluation
II.D.5. Absorption coefficients of NO, in the liquid phase
II.E. Photochemistry
II.E.1. Photolysis of NO,: product quantum yields
II.E.2. Photolysis of NO, precursors
II.F. Excited NO,
II.F.1. Dynamics of the excited state
II.F.2._ Vibrationally excited NO, produced in chemical systems
. Laboratory experimental techniques
III.A. Generation of the nitrate radical
Ill.A.1. The reaction of NO, with ozone
III.A.2. Decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide
III.A.3. Reaction of halogen atoms with nitric acid
III.A.4. Reaction of hydroxyl radicals with nitric acid
III.A.5. Sources involving chlorine nitrate
III.A.6. Addition of atomic oxygen to nitrogen dioxide
III.A.7. Pulse radiolysis sources
III.A.8. Sources in the condensed phase
IlI.B. Detection of the nitrate radical
III.B.1. Optical absorption in the visible region
III.B.2. Laser induced fluorescence (LIF)
III.B.3. Infrared absorption
III.B.4. Mass spectrometry
III.B.5. Determination of absolute concentrations
IlI.C. Kinetic tools
IlI.C.1. Absolute methods
III.C.2. Relative rate measurements
. Kinetics and mechanisms of chemical reactions
IV.A. Inorganic non-radical reactions
IV.B. Organic non-radical reactions
IV.B.1. Alkanes and haloalkanes
IV.B.2. Alkenes (alkenes, dialkenes, haloalkenes,
cycloalkenes and terpenes)
IV.B.3. Alkynes
Ill
Contents
IV.B.4. Oxygen-containing organic compounds
IV.B.5. Aromatic compounds
IV.B.6. Sulphur-containing organic compounds
IV.B.7. Heterocyclic organic compounds
IV.B.8. Nitrogen and phosphorus containing organic compounds
IV.B.9. Kinetic data: summary and correlations
. Radical reactions
IV.C.1. Reactions of NO, with atoms
IV.C.2. Reactions of NO, with free radicals
IV.C.3. Interpretations of reactivity
IV.D. Reactions in solution
. The nitrate radical in the atmosphere
V.A. The role of NO, in the atmosphere
V.A.1. Atmospheric sources of NO,
V.A.2. Atmospheric sinks of NO,
V.A.3. The NO, reaction manifold in the atmosphere
V.A.4. A simple analysis of night and day atmospheric behaviour
of NO, and N,0,
V.A.5. Applications of night-time NO, field observations to
NO, kinetic studies
V.A.6. Significance of NO, at night
Field measurements and experimental techniques
V.B.1. Experimental techniques
V.B.2. Stratospheric results
V.B.3. Tropospheric measurements of NO,
V.B.4. Atmospheric N,O,
Atmospheric implications of the presence of the NO, radical
V.C.1. Measurements of NO,
V.C.2._ Laboratory studies
V.C.3. Model predictions and requirements
. Unresolved issues in NO, chemistry
VI.A.1. Structure, spectroscopy and photochemistry
VI.A.2. Laboratory experimental techniques
VI.A.3. Kinetics and mechanisms of chemical reactions
VI.A.4. The nitrate radical in the atmosphere
VI.B. Conclusions
. References
News and Opinions
Introduction
Calendar
Number 2
B. J. Turpin and J. J. Huntzicker 207 Secondary formation of organic aerosol in the
Los Angeles Basin: 2 descriptive analysis of
organic and elemental carbon concentrations
F. Joos and U. Baltensperger 2 A field study on chemistry, S(IV) oxidation
rates and vertical transport during fog
conditions
R. Lehmann Uncertainty analysis for a linear programming
model for acid rain abatement
L. Molhave and M. Thorsen A model for investigations of ventilation sys-
tems as sources for vciatile organic compounds
in indoor climate
U. Bufler and K. Wegmann Diurnal variation of monoterpene concen-
trations in open-top chambers and in the
Welzheim forest air, F.R.G.
H. Frank, W. Frank and Airborne C,- and C,-halocarbons at four
H. J. C. Neves representative sites in Europe
Contents Vv
K. Jylha Empirical scavenging coefficients of radioactive
substances released from Chernobyl
E. R. Byron, R. P. Axler Increased precipitation acidity in the central
and C. R. Goldman Sierra Nevada
J. J. Erbrink A practical model for the calculation of o, and
o, for use in an on-line Gaussian dispersion
model for tall stacks, based on wind fluctuations
K. Yamaguchi, T. Tatano, An analysis of precipitation chemistry
F. Tanaka, M. Nakao, measurements in Shimane, Japan
M. Gomyoda and H. Hara
W. Baeyens and H. Dedeurwaerder Particulate trace metals above the Southern
Bight of the North Sea—I. Analytical pro-
cedures and average aerosol concentrations
T. J. Butler and G. E. Likens The impact of changing regional emissions on
precipitation chemistry in the eastern United
States
J. W. Grimm and J. A. Lynch Statistical analysis of errors in estimating
wet deposition using five surface estimation
algorithms
A. Sirois The relationship between mean and standard
deviation in precipitation chemistry measure-
ments across Eastern North America
C. S. Potter and H. L. Ragsdale Dry deposition washoff from forest tree leaves
by experimental acid rainfall
A. R. MacKenzie, R. M. Harrison, The role of biogenic hydrocarbons in the pro-
I. Colbeck and C. N. Hewitt duction of ozone in urban plumes in southeast
England
K. C. Jones, C. Symon, Evidence for a decline in rural herbage lead
P. J. L. Taylor, J. Walsh levels in the U.K.
and A. E. Johnston
F. N. Mouzakis and G. Bergeles Pollutant dispersion over a triangular ridge: a
numerical study
D. H. Bache Characterizing plume dispersion in the diabatic
surface layer by trajectory analysis
K. G. Anlauf, H. A. Wiebe, Intercomparison of atmospheric nitric
E. C. Tuazon, A. M. Winer, acid measurements at elevated ambient
I. Mackay, H. I. Schiff,
G. concentrations
T. G. Ellestad and K. T. Knapp
R. Lehmann On properties of linear programming models
for acid rain abatement
C. S. Fung, P. K. Misra, A numerical experiment on the relative import-
R. Bloxam and S. Wong ance of H,O, and O, in aqueous conversion of
SO, to SO}-
J. M. Pacyna, S. Larssen European survey for NO, emissions with
and A. Semb emphasis on Eastern Europe
G. R. Cass, W. W. Nazaroff, C. Tiller Protection of works of art from damage due to
and P. M. Whitmore atmospheric ozone
VI Contents
A. D. Hewitt and J. H. Cragin 453 Contamination of aqueous samples with for-
mate and acetate from ambient air
A.-L. Pasanen, P. Pasanen, 459 Significance of air humidity and air velocity for
M. J. Jantunen and P. Kalliokoski fungai spore release into the air
S. V. Hering and P. H. McMurry 463 Optical counter response to monodisperse
atmospheric aerosols
A. Trujillo-Ventura and J. H. Ellis 469 Multiobjective air pollution monitoring net-
work design
I. Lisac and V. Grubisic 481 An analysis of surface ozone data measured
at the end of the 19th century in Zagreb,
Yugoslavia
R. Sequeira A note on the consumption of acid through
cation exchange with clay minerals in atmos-
pheric precipitation
A. S. Lefohn and D. S. Shadwick Ozone, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide
trends at rural sites located in the United States
R. C. Henry, Y.-J. Wang The relationship between empirical orthogonal
and K. A. Gebhart functions and sources of air pollution
P. S. Low, T. D. Davies, P. M. Kelly Uncertainties in surface ozone trend at
and R. Reiter Hohenpeissenberg
Short Communications
N.-H. Lin and V. K. Saxena Interannual variability in acidic deposition on
the Mt. Mitchell area forest
B. R. Appel, Y. Tokiwa, V. Povard The measurement of atmospheric hydrochloric
and E. L. Kothny acid in Southern California
News and Opinions
Introduction
Calendar
Book Review (J. P. Lodge, Jr)
New Patents
Preparation of Papers
Contents of Chemosphere Volume 21,
Numbers 6 and 7, i990
Number 3/4
International Conference on Aerosols and Background Pollution
v Participants at the Conference
Vii Preface
Aerosol Climatology
Review Article
J. W. Fitzgerald Marine aerosols: a review
Contents Vil
General Papers
M. H. Smith, P. M. Park 547 North Atlantic aerosol remote concentrations
and I. E. Consterdine measured at a Hebridean coastal site
S. G. Jennings, C. D. O’Dowd, 557 Physical characteristics of the ambient aerosol
T. C. O’Connor and at Mace Head
F. M. McGovern
T. C. O’Connor and Aerosol climatology measurements with a
F. M. McGovern Nolan-—Pollak counter
M. J. Harvey, G. W. Fisher, Summertime aerosol measurements in the Ross
I. S. Lechner, P. Isaac, N. E. Flower Sea region of Antarctica
and A. L. Dick
P. Brand, J. Gebhart, M. Below, Characterization of environmental aerosols on
B. Georgi and J. Heyder Heligoland Island
S. Burgermeister and H.-W. Georgii Distribution of methanesulfonate, nss sulfate
and dimethylsulfide over the Atlantic and the
North Sea
J. C. H. Van der Hage Background aerosol and electric conductivity
of marine Atlantic air
W. R. Leaitch and G. A. Isaac Tropospheric aerosol size distributions from
1982 to 1988 over eastern North America
J. Heintzenberg, J. Strom, Vertical profiles of aerosol properties in
J. A. Ogren and H.-P. Fimpel the summer troposphere of central Europe,
Scandinavia and the Svalbard region
Aerosol Instrumentation
U. Baltensperger, H. W. Gaggeler, Continuous background aerosol monitoring
D. T. Jost, M. Emmenegger with the epiphaniometer
and W. Nageli
A. D. Clarke A thermo-optic technique for in situ analysis of
size-resolved aerosol physicochemistry
P. H. Kaye, N. A. Eyles, An instrument for the classification of airborne
I. K. Ludlow and J. M. Clark particles on the basis of size, shape, and count
frequency
P. C. S. Devara and P. Ernest Raj Study of atmospheric aerosols in a terrain-
induced nocturnal boundary layer using
bistatic lidar
Aerosol Composition and Removal
I. Borbély-Kiss, L. Bozo, E. Koltay, Elemental composition of aerosol particles
E. Mészaros, A. Molnar under background conditions in Hungary
and Gy. Szabo
C. A. Pio, I. M. Santos, Particulate and gaseous air pollutant levels at
T. D. Anacleto, T. V. Nunes the Portuguese west coast
and R. M. Leal
G. J. Keeler, J. D. Spengler Acid aerosol measurements at a suburban
and R. A. Castillo Connecticut site
J. van Daalen Air quality and deposition of trace elements in
the province of South-Holland
J. R. Stedman Measurements of background sulphur and
scavenging ratios at a site in the west of
Northern Ireland
Vill Contents
J. Porstend6érfer, G. Butterweck 709 Diurnal variation of the concentrations of
and A. Reineking radon and its short-lived daughters in the
atmosphere near the ground
R. S. Hamilton and T. A. Mansfield Airborne particulate elemental carbon: its
sources, transport and contribution to dark
smoke and soiling
H. Horvath Spectral extinction coefficients of background
aerosols in Europe, North and South America:
a comparison
E. Remoudaki, G. Bergametti On the dynamic of the atmospheric input
and R. Losno of copper and manganese into the western
Mediterranean Sea
B. Lim, T. D. Jickells Sequential sampling of particles, major ions
and T. D. Davies and total trace metals in wet deposition
R. Losno, G. Bergametti, P. Carlier Major ions in marine rainwater with attention
and G. Mouvier to sources of alkaline and acidic species
K. W. Nicholson, J. R. Branson Field measurements of the below-cloud scav-
and P. Giess enging of particulate material
L. Levkov, D. P. Eppel and H. GraBl Modelling the atmospheric transport of trace
metals including the role of precipitating
clouds
B. T. McGann and S. G. Jennings The efficiency with which drizzle and precipi-
tation sized drops collide with aerosol particles
D. A. Bell and C. P. R. Saunders The scavenging of high aititud¢ aerosol by
small ice crystals
T. Schumann Aerosol and hydrometeor concentrations and
their chemical composition during winter pre-
cipitation along a mountain slope—III. Size-
differentiated in-cloud scavenging efficiencies
News and Opinions
Introduction
Calendar
Conference Report
News Services
Number 5/6
L. H. J. M. Janssen, F. Van Haren, 829 Measurements and modelling of reactions of
P. Bange and H. Van Duuren nitrogen oxides in power-plant plumes at night
W. W. Nazaroff and G. R. Cass 841 Protecting museum collections from soiling
due to the deposition of airborne particles
D. P. Chock 853 A comparison of numerical methods for solv-
ing the advection equation—III
E. Buijsman, P. J. Jonker, Chemical composition of precipitation col-
W. A. H. Asman and T. B. Ridder lected on a weathership on the North Atlantic
Contents IX
H. C. Rodean 885 A structure for models of hazardous materials
with complex behavior
J. Beer, R. C. Finkel, G. Bonani, Seasonal variations in the concentration of
. Gaggeler, U. Gorlach, P. Jacob, Be, Cl-, NO; ,S O}-, H,0,, ?°Pb, °H, mineral
. Klockow, C. C. Langway, Jr, dust, and 5'8O in Greenland snow
. Neftel, H. Oeschger,
. Schotterer, J. Schwander,
. Siegenthaler, M. Suter,
. Wagenbach and W. Wolfli
H. Tsukada, J. Ishida and O. Narita Particle-size distributions of atmospheric '”°I
and 'I aerosols
M. A. Al-Zanaidi, M. P. Singh Traffic co-dispersion pattern in Kuwait
and M. El-Karim
N. Berg, P. Dunn and M. Fenn Spatial and temporal variability of rime ice and
snow chemistry at five sites in California
M. T. Morandi, P. J. Lioy and Comparison of two multivariate modeling
J. M. Daisey approaches for the source apportionment of
inhalable particulate matter in Newark, NJ
R. Kamens, C. Lee, R. Wiener and A study to characterize indoor particles in
D. Leith three non-smoking homes
M. M. Millan, B. Artifano, The effect of meso-scale flows on regional and
L. Alonso, M. Navazo and M. Castro long-range atmospheric transport in the west-
ern Mediterranean area
F. Desiato and M. G. Ciminelli Plume dispersion investigated by LANDSAT
imagery
C. N. Hewitt and M. B. Rashed The deposition of selected pollutants adjacent
to a major rural highway
. Yaaqub, T. D. Davies, Trace elements in daily collected aerosols at a
. Jickells and J. M. Miller site in southeast England
. Pandis, S. E. Paulson, Aerosol formation in the photooxidation of
. Seinfeld and R. C. Flagan isoprene and f-pinene
Partitioning of partially soluble volatiles be-
tween the vapor and liquid aerosol phase
C. S. Sloane, J. Watson, J. Chow, Size-segregated fine particle measurements by
L. Pritchett and L. W. Richards chemical species and their impact on visibility
impairment in Denver
F. . A. M. De Leeuw and Sensitivity of oxidant concentrations on
H. . Van Rheineck Leyssius changes in u.v. radiation and temperature
V. Kumar, H. S. Vora, T. N. Das, Microprocessor-based air analyzer unit for sub
M. N. Kumbhare and R. Koul parts per billion level measurements of hydro-
gen peroxide
S.-C. Tsay, G. L. Stephens and An investigation of aerosol microstructure on
T. J. Greenwald visual air quality
A. Febo and C. Perrino Prediction and experimental evidence for high
air concentration of nitrous acid in indoor
environments
J. Arey, A. M. Winer, R. Atkinson, The emission of (Z)-3-hexen-l-ol, (Z)-3-hex-
S. M. Aschmann, W. D. Long and enylacetate and other oxygenated hydrocar-
C. L. Morrison bons from agricultural plant species
xX Contents
W. Baeyens and H. Dedeurwaerder 1077 Particulate trace metals above the Southern
Bight of the North Sea—II. Origin and be-
haviour of the trace metals
S. F. Mueller Estimating cloud water deposition to subalpine
spruce-fir forests—I. Modifications to an exist-
ing model
S. F. Mueller, J. D. Joslin, Jr and Estimating cloud water deposition to subalpine
M. H. Wolfe spruce-fir forests—II. Model testing
Technical Notes
T. J. Dean and J. D. Johnson Proportional-plus-integral control of exper-
imental ozone concentrations in a large open-
top chamber
B. Y. Underwood Conditioned particle motion in the ‘collision’
model of turbulent dispersion
Discussions
B. Y. Underwood An interpretation of Taylor’s statistical analy-
sis of particle dispersion
B. Y. Underwood Pollution transfer to moor by occult deposition
News and Opinions
Introduction
Calendar
Number 7
The Fourth International Workshop on Wind and Water Tunnel Modelling
of Atmospheric Flow and Dispersion
A. Robins 1133 Introduction
W. Bachlin, W. Theurer and 1135 Wind field and dispersion in a built-up area—a
E. J. Plate comparison between field measurements and
wind tunnel data
W. F. Dabberdt and Street canyon dispersion: sensitivity to block
W. G. Hoydysh shape and entrainment
K. Kitabayashi Wind tunnel simulation of airfiow and pol-
lutant diffusion over complex terrain
R. A. Waters, D. J. Hall The performance of extraction booths subject
and T. Masood to draughts—a wind tunnel study
B. Sevruk, J.-A. Hertig The effect of a precipitation gauge orifice rim
and R. Spiess on the wind field deformation as investigated in
a wind tunnel
M. Poreh and J. E. Cermak Wind tunnel measurements of line integrated
concentration
G. K6nig-Langlo and Wind tunnel modeling of heavy gas dispersion
M. Schatzmann
A. H. Huber, S. Pal Arya, Preliminary studies of video images of smoke
S. A. Rajala and J. W. Borek dispersion in the near wake of a model building