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Atlantic Wars Atlantic Wars From the Fifteenth Century to the Age of Revolution GEOFFREY PLANK 1 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. © Oxford University Press 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Plank, Geoffrey Gilbert, 1960– author. Title: Atlantic wars : from the fifteenth century to the Age of Revolution / Geoffrey Plank. Description: New York : Oxford University Press, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019054870 (print) | LCCN 2019054871 (ebook) | ISBN 9780190860455 (hardback) | ISBN 9780190860479 (epub) | ISBN 9780190860486 (electronic) Subjects: LCSH: Military history, Modern. | Atlantic Ocean Region— History, Naval. | Atlantic Ocean Region— History, Military. | War— History. Classification: LCC D214 .P55 2020 (print) | LCC D214 (ebook) | DDC 355.009182/ 10903— dc23 LC record available at https:// lccn.loc.gov/ 2019054870 LC ebook record available at https:// lccn.loc.gov/ 2019054871 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America For Ina CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 PART ONE WARFARE AT SEA 1. Ships 15 2. Sailors 36 3. Combat at Sea 59 4. Ships and Military Power on Land 81 PART TWO WARFARE ON LAND 5. The Technology of Warfare on Land 105 6. Warriors 125 7. Horror 152 8. Slavery and Warfare on Land 177 PART THREE TRANSATLANTIC WARFARE 9. The First Phase of Atlantic Warfare, from the Fifteenth Century to 1688 203 vii viii Contents 10. Ocean- Spanning Wars, 1688– 1776 227 11. Revolution 252 Conclusion 274 Notes 279 Index 315 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The evening I first met my wife Ina Zweiniger- Bargielowska we arranged to take a walk the next morning along the Niagara River downstream from the falls. The river was spectacular, churning dramatically, but I was excited by the nineteenth- century British fortifications on the north bank. I started talking almost inces- santly, and certainly memorably, about the War of 1812. That was over twenty years ago, and in the intervening years I have continued to fret about the War of 1812, early modern warfare generally, and issues of war and peace. I am obliged not just to Ina, but to everyone who else who has humored, encouraged, and supported me through my career. I feel particularly indebted to Susan Ferber at Oxford University Press. After I had been thinking about writing this book for a very long time, she made a deci- sive intervention and convinced me to get to work in earnest in 2014. Since then, every time I have sent her proposals, outlines, plans of action, or drafts she has given them close attention and provided me detailed, cogent advice. I consulted Wayne Lee as I worked out my plan for the book and his advice was invaluable. Christian Koot and the anonymous readers of my manuscript offered impor- tant corrections and recommendations. I presented an overview of my project at a conference in 2015 on “The Specter of Peace in Histories of Violence” or- ganized by Michael Goode and John Smolenski and another at the 2017 annual gathering of the British Group of Early American Historians. I received good advice at both sessions, and I am grateful to everyone who took part. During my research and more recently for the final production of this book I have drawn on the resources and staff of art collections, museums, and libraries including the Bayeux Museum, the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University, the Benson Latin American Collection at the University of Texas at Austin, the Bibliothèque nationale de France, the Bodleian Libraries at the University of Oxford, the British Library, the Cambridge University Library, the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg, the John Carter Brown Library, ix