Atherogenesis - S. Parthasarathy (Intech, 2011) WW

578 Pages·2011·17.61 MB·English

Contents

Preface IX

Part 1
Atherosclerosis – Models and Concepts 1

Chapter 1
Mouse Models of Experimental
Atherosclerosis as a Tool for Checking a
Putative Anti-Atherogenic Action of Drugs 3
Jacek Jawien

Chapter 2
Spontaneous Atherosclerosis in Pigeons:
A Good Model of Human Disease 25
J. L. Anderson, S. C. Smith and
R. L. Taylor, Jr.

Chapter 3
Illuminating Atherogenesis
Through Mathematical Modeling 49
L. R. Ritter, Akif Ibragimov,
Jay R.Walton and Catherine J. McNeal

Chapter 4
Parametric Determination of Hypoxic
Ischemia in Evolution of Atherogenesis 71
Lawrence M. Agius

Chapter 5
Emerging Epigenetic Therapy for
Vascular Proliferative Diseases 79
Kasturi Ranganna, Frank M. Yatsu and
Omana P. Mathew

Chapter 6
Endothelial and Vascular Smooth
Cell Dysfunctions: A Comprehensive Appraisal 105
Luigi Fabrizio Rodella and Rita Rezzani

Chapter 7
Nutrigenomics and Atherosclerosis: The Postprandial
and Long-Term Effects of Virgin Olive Oil Ingestion 135
Almudena Ortega, Lourdes M. Varela,
Beatriz Bermudez, Sergio Lopez,
Francisco J.G. Muriana and Rocio Abia

VI
Contents

Chapter 8
Molecular Understanding of Endothelial Cell and
Blood Interactions with Bacterial Cellulose:
Novel Opportunities for Artificial Blood Vessels 161
Helen Fink, Anders Sellborn and Alexandra Krettek

Part 2
Macrophages and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis 185

Chapter 9
Atherogenesis, Inflammation and
Autoimmunity  An Overview 187
Katja Lakota, Andrej Artenjak, Sasa Cucnik,
Jana Brguljan-Hitij, Borut Cegovnik, Barbara Salobir,
Rok Accetto, Borut Bozic, Blaz Rozman and Snezna Sodin-Semrl

Chapter 10
Mechanisms of Leukocyte Recruitment
Into the Aorta During Atherosclerosis 203
Matthew J. Butcher and Elena Galkina

Chapter 11
(Auto)Phagocytosis in Atherosclerosis: Implications
for Plaque Stability and Therapeutic Challenges 229
Dorien M. Schrijvers, Guido R.Y. De Meyer and Wim Martinet

Chapter 12
Innate Immune Receptors in Atherosclerosis 255
Jennifer E. Cole, Anusha N. Seneviratne and Claudia Monaco

Chapter 13
Cholesterol and Inflammation at the
Crossroads of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver
Disease (NAFLD) and Atherogenesis 281
Gregor Lorbek and Damjana Rozman

Chapter 14
Macrophage Cholesterol Homeostasis and Atherogenesis:
Critical Role of Intracellular Cholesteryl Ester Hydrolysis 305
Shobha Ghosh

Chapter 15
The Role of TGF- and TGF-
Receptors in Atherosclerosis 327
Petr Nachtigal, Jana Rathouska,
Lenka Vecerova and Zbynek Strasky

Chapter 16
CXCL4-Induced Macrophages:
A Novel Therapeutic Target in Human Atherosclerosis? 345
Christian A. Gleissner and Christian Erbel

Chapter 17
The Role of IL-10 in Atherosclerosis 361
Xinbing Han and William A. Boisvert

Chapter 18
The 18 kDa Translocator Protein as a
Potential Participant in Atherosclerosis 385
Jasmina Dimitrova-Shumkovska,
Leo Veenman and Moshe Gavish

Contents VII

Part 3
Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerosis 411

Chapter 19
Are CVD Patients Under Oxidative Stress? 413
Yedidya Dotan, Dov Lichtenberg and Ilya Pinchuk

Chapter 20
Vascular Biology of Reactive Oxygen
Species and NADPH Oxidases: Role in Atherogenesis 425
Adrian Manea

Chapter 21
Modified Forms of LDL in Plasma 447
José Luis Sánchez-Quesada and Sandra Villegas

Chapter 22
Oxidized LDL and NO Synthesis
as Biomarkers of Atherogenesis 
Correlations with Metabolic Profile in Elderly 473
Claudia Borsa, Cristina Ionescu and Daniela Gradinaru

Chapter 23
Are Hemochromatosis Mutations
Protective Against Iron-Mediated Atherogenesis? 495
Jerome L. Sullivan

Chapter 24
Paraoxonase Polymorphisms and Platelet
Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase Activity as a
Genetic Risk Factors in Cerebral Atherosclerosis 507
Zlata Flegar-Meštrić, Mirjana Mariana Kardum Paro,
Sonja Perkov, Vinko Vidjak and Marija Grdić Rajković

Chapter 25
G Protein-Coupled Receptor
Dependent NF-κB Signaling in Atherogenesis 529
Phillip C. Delekta, Robert L. Panek,
Linda M. McAllister-Lucas and Peter C. Lucas

Chapter 26
Vasoprotective Effect of Foods as
Treatments: Chicken Collagen Hydrolysate 557
Tomomi Kouguchi, Youzuo Zhang,
Mikako Sato, Yoshihisa Takahata and Fumiki Morimatsu

Preface

Cardiovascular disease in general and atherosclerosis in particular have been a topic of
great interest for decades. During the later half of the past century, we noted great
advances in defining steps involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol to the discovery
of lipoproteins. The latter led to the identification of key cell types which are involved
in the uptake of the lipoproteins and specific cell membrane receptors that determine
their entry. The lipid clinics played a major role in identifying the risk factors,
particularly in identifying high plasma cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol, in the
etiology of the disease.

On the one hand, drugs such as statins, life style modulation in the form of reduced fat
intake, decreased smoking, and increased physical activity, continue to show marked
impact on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. While on the other hand, the
emerging understanding of the roles of chronic inflammation, diet, increases in the
incidence of diabetes, and the environment, are factors that we need to be concerned
about in the future.

Although prevention is always better than cure, the beneficial roles of HDL are still
only partly uncovered. In addition to promoting reverse cholesterol transport, it
appears to influence inflammatory and oxidative pathways. The latter poses
paradoxical and conflicting implications. While most non-clinical studies seem to
stress its importance, the use of antioxidants in human clinical trials has not been
encouraging to propose antioxidants as a therapeutic means. Caution should be
exercised in making judgments as inflammatory and oxidative stress seem to go hand
in hand.

This monograph will bring out the state-of-the-art advances in the dynamics of
cholesterol transport and will address several important issues that pertain to
oxidative stress and inflammation. The book is divided into three major sections; the
first section deals with the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis with emphasis on
epigenetics and nutrigenomics. The second section discusses cholesterol influx-efflux
pathways and inflammation and immune mechanisms of atherosclerosis. The last
section discusses oxidative stress and vascular mechanisms involved in cardiovascular
disease development. The book will offer insights into the roles of specific cytokines,
inflammation, and oxidative stress in atherosclerosis and is intended for new

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Preface

researchers who are curious about atherosclerosis as well as for established senior
researchers and clinicians who would be interested in novel findings that may link
various aspects of the disease.

Dr. Sampath Parthasarathy
Florida Hospital Endowed Chair in
Cardiovascular Sciences at the University of Central Florida
USA

Part 1

Atherosclerosis-Models and Concepts