Astrophysical Techniques, Fourth Edition PDF
Preview Astrophysical Techniques, Fourth Edition
Page i Astrophysical Techniques Page ii By the same author Early Emission Line Stars Stars, Nebulae and the Interstellar Medium Observational Physics and Astrophysics Journeys to the Ends of the Universe A Guided Tour of the Beginnings and Endings of Planets, Galaxies and the Universe Optical Astronomical Spectroscopy Page iii Astrophysical Techniques Third Edition C R Kitchin University of Hertfordshire Observatory Page iv © IOP Publishing Ltd 1998 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Multiple copying is permitted in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency under the terms of its agreement with the Committee of ViceChancellors and Principals. British Library CataloguinginPublication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0 7503 0497 9 hardback 0 7503 0498 7 paperback Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data are available Consultant Editor: Professor A J Meadows First edition published 1984 by Adam Hilger Ltd and reprinted 1988 Second edition published 1991 by IOP Publishing Ltd under the Adam Hilger imprint and reprinted 1996 under the imprint of Institute of Physics Publishing Third edition published 1998 by Institute of Physics Publishing, wholly owned by The Institute of Physics, London Institute of Physics Publishing, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1 6BE, UK US Editorial Office: Institute of Physics Publishing, The Public Ledger Building, Suite 1035, 150 South Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA Typeset in TX using the IOP Bookmaker Macros E Printed in the UK by J W Arrowsmith Ltd, Bristol Page v For Christine Page vii Contents Preface xiii Standard Symbols xv 1 1 Detectors 1.1 Optical and Infrared Detection 1 Introduction 1 Detectors 1 Detector Types 1 The Eye 2 Photomultipliers 7 A Detector Breviary 18 ChargeCoupled Devices (CCD) 20 Other Types of Detectors 30 Photovoltaic Cells 30 Photoelectromagnetic Detectors 33 Thermocouples 33 Pyroelectric Detectors 34 Bolometers 34 Photoconductive Cells 35 Phototransistors 36 Charge Injection Devices (CID) 36 Photographic Emulsion 37 Gas Cells 37 Television Tubes 37 Image Intensifiers 37 Golay Cell 37 Ultraviolet Detectors 37 Future Possibilities 38 Noise 39 Intrinsic Noise 39 Signal Noise 40 Digitisation 41 Page viii Telescopes 42 Optical Theory 42 Telescope Designs 62 Exercises 90 1.2 Radio and Microwave Detection 91 Introduction 91 Detectors and Receivers 92 Radio Telescopes 97 Construction 105 Exercises 107 1.3 Xray and Gammaray Detection 107 Introduction 107 Detectors 109 Geiger Counters 109 Proportional Counters 110 Scintillation Detectors 111 Gas Scintillation Proportional Counters 112 Charge Coupled Devices 112 Compton Interaction Detectors 113 Spark Detectors 113 Cerenkov * Detectors 113 Solid State Detectors 113 Microchannel Plates 114 Nuclear Emulsions 115 Shielding 116 Imaging 116 Collimation 117 Coincidence Detectors 120 Occultation 120 Reflecting Telescopes 120 Resolution and Image Identification 125 Spectroscopy 126 Grating Spectrometers 126 Bragg Spectrometers 127 Polarimetry 129 Observing Platforms 130 1.4 Cosmic Ray Detectors 131 Background 131 Detectors 131 Realtime Methods 132 Residual Track Detectors 138 Indirect Detectors 143 Arrays 144 Page ix Correction Factors 145 Atmospheric Effects 145 Solar Effects 146 Terrestrial Magnetic Field 146 Exercises 147 1.5 Neutrino Detectors 149 Background 149 Chlorine 37 Detectors 151 Waterbased Detectors 153 Galliumbased Detectors 155 Other Types of Detectors 155 Direct Interaction Type Detectors 155 Indirect Interaction Type Detectors 156 Geological Detectors 156 Scattering Detectors 157 Exercises 157 1.6 Gravitational Radiation 158 Introduction 158 Detectors 160 Direct Resonant Detectors 160 Direct, Nonresonant Detectors 161 Indirect Detectors 163 Exercises 164 2 165 Imaging 2.1 The Inverse Problem 165 Deconvolution 166 2.2 Photography 170 Introduction 170 Structure of the Photographic Emulsion 171 The Photographic Image 174 Processing 182 Hypersensitisation 185 Temperature Effects 186 Liquid Bathing Effects 186 Gas Immersion Effects 186 Preexposure 187 Postexposure Techniques 187 Faint Image Contrast Enhancement 188 Autoradiographic Image Retrieval 188 Film Types 188 Techniques of Astronomical Photography 189 Analysis of Photographic Images 190 Special Applications 191 Page x 2.3 Electronic Imaging 192 Introduction 192 Arrays 193 Television and Related Systems 193 Image Intensifiers 196 Magnetically Focused Image Intensifiers 196 Electrostatically Focused Image Intensifiers 197 Proximity Focused Image Intensifiers 198 Cascades 199 Recording 199 Photon Counting Imaging Systems 199 Electronographic Cameras 200 2.4 Scanning 201 2.5 Interferometry 204 Introduction 204 Michelson Radio Interferometer 205 Michelson Stellar Interferometer 223 Intensity Interferometer 227 Reflection Interferometers 232 Exercises 233 2.6 Speckle Interferometry 233 2.7 Occultations 237 Background 237 Techniques 241 Analysis 244 2.8 Radar 245 Introduction 245 Theoretical Principles 245 Equipment 251 Data Analysis 252 Meteors 254 Exercise 255 2.9 Electronic Images 255 Image Formats 255 Image Compression 256 Image Processing 257 Grey Scaling 257 Image Combination 258 Spatial Filtering 259 3 260 Photometry 3.1 Photometry 260 Background 260 Magnitudes 260
The list of books you might like
