ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER IN KHARTOUM STATE By Eshraga Abd ...

133 Pages·2007·14.85 MB·English

ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF
DRINKING WATER IN KHARTOUM STATE
By
Eshraga Abd EIMagid Basllir
A thesis Submitted in the Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for the
degree of Master ofScience in the University of Khartoum
Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Education
University of Khartoum
Jnly, 2005
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Acknowledgements
I wish to express my deepest and sincere thanks first to my god and
then to my supervisor professor Mohammed Ahmed Hassan Eltayeb,
for his guidance and support to finish this work and supervision.
I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my co-supervisor
Dr. Taj Elsir Abass Ahmed.
Special thanks to Mahgoub Mohammed Taha, the technical advisor of
Khartoum State Water Corporation, who made available all the
facilities that needed to collection ofsamples and references.
Sincere appreciation is extended to Geological Research Institute
staff, who made available all the facilities needed to finish this work.
My deep thanks go to the staff members of Faculty of Phannacy
Omdunnan Islamic University.
Thanks are also extended to the staff members of the Sudan Atomic
Energy Commission with special reference to Dr. Rifat Kabbashi and
Tayser Ismail for their great help, and to Department of Chemistry,
Faculty ofEducation, University ofKhartoum.
Special thank also to Abd EI Bagi Nasir for his great help.
Finally lam grateful to my family for their understanding and
encouraging during the progress ofthe work, and to my friends.
ABSTRACT
Assessment of drinking water quality Khartoum State was
111
the main purpose ofthis study.
Seven sites were selected to represent the area of wells water,
relevance to environmental pollution in Khartoum area, UI11J11badah
near industrial area, Elthawra near apower station, Elfiteihap ncar the
White Nile, Elriyadh near a petroleum station, Elkalakla in the last bus
station, Elhag Yousif in the market, as well Eldroshap as control area.
Raw and treated water samples were collected from the White Nile,
the Blue Nile and the River Nile, wells water and treated water from
the three Niles these samples stored in metallic and fiber glass tanks in
the rainy and dry seasons. Standard methods were lIsed for samples
collection and preparation for the measurements using Atomic
Absorption Spectromelly (AAS) and flame photometre. Thirteen
elements were observed and their concentrations determined in the
various locations, those are Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na,
Ni, Pb and Zn. The concentration levels for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn,
Ni, Pb and Zn were lower than the detection limits for (AAS), and
pre-concentration by physical method was found necessary for these
elements, the evaporation method of the drinking water samples were
used.
The data obtained were compared with the data from literature.
The results are generally comparable except the concentration ofFe of
the raw water for the River Nile in the two seasons as well as the
treated water for the River Nile, the treated water for the River Nile
stored in fiber glass tank (rainy season), and the treated water for the
White Nile stored in metallic tank (rainy season) are lower than the
maximum permissible international levels provided by the World
Health Organization (WHO) and the concentration of trace elements
in drinking water permitted by the Sudanese Standards and Metrology
Organization (SSMO). There is no pollution in the ground water
resulting from human activities can be made.
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CONTENTS
Page
Acknowledgements .
Abstract...............................................................................................
11
w..,]J ._, I.
.~ ························ 111
Contents.............................................................................................. IV
List ofTables...... .. .. .
IX
Lisl ofFigures.............................................
Xl
Chapter (I): Introdnction
1.1 Importance ofwater. ..
1.2 Water sources .
... -. 2
'"
1.2.1 Rain waler. :........... 2
1.2.2 Ground water................................................... 3
1.2.2.1 The wells........ 5
1.2.3 Surface water................................................... 8
IV
1.2.3.1 The rivers ..
9
1.3 Water storage .
9
1.3.1 Household water storage .. 10
1.4 Water treatment. . 11
1.4.1 Coagulation and nocculation .. II
1.4.2 Sedimentation or notation ..
12
1.4.3 Filtration ..
13
1.4.3.1 Slow sand filtration .
14
1.4.3.2 Rapid sand filtration ..
15
1.4.4 Disinfection ..
16
1.5 Water quality........ 17
1.5.1 Drinking water quality standards........................... 19
1.6 Trace elements....................................................... 22
v
1.6.1 Introduction .
22
1.6.2 Trace elemenls in the water . 23
1.7 Nutrient elements in the water. . 24
1.7.1 Calcium (Ca) .
24
1.7.2 Cobalt (Co) .
25
1.7.3 Copper (Cu) .
25
1.7.4 Iron (Fe) ..
26
1.7.5 Magnesium (Mg) ..
27
1.7.6 Manganese (Mn) .
28
1.7.7 Potassium (K) .
29
1.7.8 Sodium (Na) .
30
1.7.9 Zinc (Zn) .. 31
VI
2.3.3 Sample preparation for AAS .
50
2.4 Flame photometre for the determination ofsodium and
50
potassiUITI .
2.4.1 Reagents .
50
2.4.2 Procedure .
51
2.4.3 Measurements .
51
Chapter (3)
Results and Discussion............................................. 54
Chapter (4): Conclusion and Recommendations
4.1 Conclusion................................................. 105
4.2 Recommendalions................................................... 107
Chapter (5)
References.. ................................................................ 109
VIII