Assessment of Techniques for Removing Offshore Structures PDF
Preview Assessment of Techniques for Removing Offshore Structures
ee us i s are trd. Plea ke eaert ge bry ins AN ASSESSMENT OF Paall s. ent TECHNIQUES FOR REMOVING ed esetting filbeen acci OFFSHORE STRUCTURES al typhave ginay orim he ors m terr ok, not fropographic Committee on Techniques Mfoar rRineem Boovainrdg Fixed Offshore Structures oy per bme t Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems ao ps original ed, and National Research Council he ain m tret oe ated frnnot b ea es crer, c L filwev Mo Xh m g, ed fromattin en recomposg-specific forn. eno ation of the original work has bding styles, and other typesettiauthoritative version for attributi epresentaks, hean as the digital rord breblicatio e: This new e lengths, won of this pu PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri NATWIOaNshAinLg AtoCnA, DD.ECM. 1Y9 9P6RESS ee us ii s are trd. Plea es. 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Secmi-ent m tret Marine Board ated fronnot be CN21oa0tmi1om nCaioslsn Risotenist ueoatniro cEnhn ACgivoneuenneucreiinl, gN a.Wnd. Technical Systems es creer, ca WCoapsyhriingghtto 1n9, 9D6.C b.y 2 t0h4e1 N8ational Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. L filwev Printed in the United States of America Mo Xh m g, ed fromattin en recomposg-specific forn. eno ation of the original work has bding styles, and other typesettiauthoritative version for attributi epresentaks, hean as the digital rord breblicatio e: This new e lengths, won of this pu PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri ee us iii s are trd. Plea ke eaert COMMITTEE ON TECHNIQUES FOR REMOVING FIXED OFFSHORE ge bry ins STRUCTURES Paall s. ent F. PAT DUNN, Chair, Columbus, Texas ed al typesetting filhave been acci WRJKJAAIAICMMLRHLEEEAISSNAR EM MAD. .. K EACBI..OE J EOKSLVRALEAENSMNRPDARS,A N ,ZG L ,AT l, o NeK bAxA,aa r lscEL MhIo, niLueosi ovtCsiuiitbaauirsnltereia a C OonDefaf en fOSpstehtacarore ttarfemeon ,Ureo AngSntreim avoapee fThlr Wisyuai,,tri ytTlLld,e eolB xiRufaaieetss osia aeAnnna d&Rra cFoMhiu,s ghUUeennriiivvesee,rr ssBiittayyt, o oGnf aRFllvooeursgitdeoan, Gainesville ginay PATRICK E.G. O'CONNOR, Amoco Production Co., Houston, Texas orim ALAN POWELL, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Texas he ors ALLAN G. PULSIPHER, Center for Energy Studies, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge m terr DANIEL J. SULLIVAN, McDermott, Inc., Morgan City, Louisiana ok, not fropographic JPL.E iPaTAiEsCoRnE Ks V. aVnÉDLEEVZE, N SDhEelRl O, fSfasnhdoirae ,N Inacti.o, nNael wL aObrolreaatnosr,i eLso, uAilsbiaunqauerque, New Mexico oy er bme t GREGG GITSCHLAG, National Marine Fisheries Service, Galveston, Texas apo CHARLES SMITH, Minerals Management Service, Herndon, Virginia original ped, and s MStAafRfY ANN TURNER, Minerals Management Service, Herndon, Virginia he ain SUSAN GARBINI, Project Officer m tret AURORE BLECK, Administrative Assistant oe ated frnnot b ea es crer, c L filwev Mo Xh m g, ed fromattin en recomposg-specific forn. eno ation of the original work has bding styles, and other typesettiauthoritative version for attributi epresentaks, hean as the digital rord breblicatio e: This new e lengths, won of this pu PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri ee us iv s are trd. Plea ke eaert MARINE BOARD ge bry ins Paall RICHARD J. SEYMOUR, Chair, Texas A&M University, College Station, and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, s. ent La Jolla, California esetting filebeen accid BJAMEENARRNRRNEKYA D YAR.. .D A BA YJES. LRPAWLMBAAARNRANDDH, , , AA AVMmrocoSlocSp oeMO CNNaora,i rtn piUoeo,nnr aaIivntl iecTor.n rs(ai,rt neHyst ioporuoef sdrWtt)ao,t inLiso,c onTon neSgsxy iBansste,e aSmcuhsp, e CCreiaonlritfeor,r nCiaambridge, Massachusetts al typhave BJORHONC KW B. B. BOEYRLNSSTTOENI,N A, rEgceonAt Mnaalyrisnise, OOpjaeir,a Ctioanlisf,o Irnncia., Solomons, Maryland ginay SARAH CHASIS, Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., New York, New York orim CHRYSSOSTOMOS CHRYSSOSTOMIDIS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge he ors BILIANA CICIN-SAIN, University of Delaware, Newark m terr JAMES M. COLEMAN, NAE, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge k, not froographic BMMI.AL ERLLYTIHS LAA. BE GEDRTGAHEB ,P O ATWeTxÉSaK-sC IAO, & RLMeNME UoLnyLinv, ee SrCstaiotnlylf,eo gCredo alUlnendgi evR eSertnsaisttsiyoe,ln aSetar nPfoolrydt,e Cchanliifco Irnnsiatitute, Cazenovia, New York ooyp DONALD W. PRITCHARD, NAE, State University of New York at Stony Brook er bme t STEPHANIE R. THORNTON, El Cerrito, California apo KARL K. TUREKIAN, NAS, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut ps original ed, and REA.OLGAD. N“ VS GUK.LI PYO”OV WUICAN,R G SD, e ,Fa -uSLgharenoldl- M OScfefCrsvhlieoclerlae, n,I ndInc Bc.,. V,E H,l iHozuaobsutesottnho,,n TN, eTexweax sJaesrsey he ain m tret Staff oe eated frannot b CDDHOOANRRIASLL CED.S HW AO.. LPBMEOREOKSKI, NM SSAt,a Nf Af, As Dssosicroeicacittaeot erDirector es crer, c L filwev Mo Xh m g, ed fromattin en recomposg-specific forn. eno ation of the original work has bding styles, and other typesettiauthoritative version for attributi epresentaks, hean as the digital rord breblicatio e: This new e lengths, won of this pu PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri ee us PREFACE v s are trd. Plea ke eaert ge bry ins Preface Paall s. ent ed esetting filbeen acci al typhave ginay BACKGROUND he oriors m LouisNiaenaarl yan 3d, 8T0e0x aps la(MtfoMrmSs, 1p9o9p5u)l.a Tteh et hMe iUne.rSa.l sf eMdearnaalg oemuteenr t cSoenrtviniceen t(aMl MshSe)lf o. fM thoes tU o.Sf . tDheespea ratmree notf fo ft hthe ec Ionatsetr ioorf m terr requires removal of platforms within one year after termination of the lease. Lease operators may remove platforms k, not froographic wTaphhpeer noo vptehtdieo oncocs estfason r o dfdi siospppoeosrsaailtn isgnig teo a,f n codof nfmvsheaorinsriteoa nisn titrnoug ca t suftriresuhsc itniungrc elrsue deefex, c oceore mdre prmelevoteven aurl eefmso roo vrr eawflu hwrebniits hhs tirdnuigsc ptauonrsdeas lr eaaprselha oocrebems,o elpnelttae ce eolsmre wednahtme rianeg. e aIdnn. op oy approved cases, maintenance in place is an alternative to removal. Removal must be to a depth that safeguards ocean er bme t shipping, that does not obstruct shrimp-trawling operations, or that allows for submarine passage and minimizes the p ao threat of seabed obstructions. ps original ed, and asenvde r1Ta9lh 7ye0 epsa aracsr ee( 1 o8tfa 1pk lewante frooeru mrte morefo mvseeordvv aiilncse 1c. 9oM9n3toi)nr.eu etsh aton a1c0c0e leprlaattefo arsm asg ihnagv pe labtefeonrm rse mbuoivlte din ftrhoem b osoemrv iyceea rins oefa tchhe olaft eth 1e9 6la0sst he ain The most common procedure for removing fixed offshore structures is by cutting them into sections and removing m tret them by lifting. The necessary submarine cutting is most often accomplished by submarine explosives, which can harm ated fronnot be fpeixrsophcl,o edstuiuvrrteelses s,i ,sb cuaunt tdtthi nemg ea xwrtiientnhet jmoeftat idmnagmm taaolgose.l s a Dannaddm t htaoegr ecp hofetreso nmotri a wel xiftpohlr o mmsieivtceihgsaa ntciiaocnna lh bcaeuv tetmi nnigtoi gtd abeteveeidcn e bws.ye lcl adroecfuulm teinmteindg. Aann da ltoeprenraattiivoen taol ea es crer, c most Msiatunayt ioopnes,r asteovres rpinrgef aenr du srientrgi eevxipnlgo ssitvruecs tubreecsa ucsaen tbhee ya cccoosmt plelisssh aendd i na roen ele sosp errisaktiyo.n E uxspinegri eenxcpel ohsaivs essh. oUwnnc etrhtaati,n itny L filwev is increased substantially if nonexplosive techniques prove to be inadequate or are unsuccessful during the removal XMho process. Such failures may require active intervention, such as diver cutting. Diver interaction with a structure that has m g, been damaged to an undetermined extent is inherently dangerous, time consuming, and expensive. The prevailing ed fromattin jtuhdang maveanitl aobfl ep loart froeramso onwabnleyr sp raonsdp eocpteivraet noorsn eisx pthloats ievxep tleocshivneo lcougtiteins gf oirs mchoesat ppelra,t fsoarfmer ,r emmoorev afllse.xible, and more reliable en recomposg-specific forn. mahraoosur itndaMdlei notpytsil tfao itfefo domfr ematxhrspien l ioesp s lnriiovofbeet lrwienemem tlshlo edvw oareilctsguh iom oftn eho neaft ffesfedehx,co pttrleheode ss ibtNvryuea c ttihtmouenre edatshle otaModsn a aara tiprineooe ns saF. isAibsslohletce hciroaoieutnesgtd rhS i bewtuhrvitetoi hcpr e rtt eohos efte u ntrhectnelee v U oiarfn.o Stdnu. mrmDtleaeenrpsit anaarelnt mdmim emanpmata rmocintfa, e lC emmosmpoamermtcamielairaltclylyes. eno Fish kills associated with explosive removals are also of concern; however, only fragmentary data pertinent to ation of the original work has bding styles, and other typesettiauthoritative version for attributi ftrtciMeMhmhieonsfeeMMnvhpr acis aerSSkuclTcoxuit stnlphihdm cloomleaseeona f sdpae s y Utoenrin itvexfbhoat. eaSpiactatl lhlt.tiva so utdednahysaG aieooi sllmovlqehnacyfenubokea esaxlc gdreprtwkepeiea.esm l llawocTcfy vroiosh oafAeisvuievvm tcarc ueeaa rlc fd, sagto itth insweeeuedhegc cdnhe t hheshr tit tninecpeeahnmhoire tegqm ulc owovu icsievgaeOeonhsrsai seiei f olcttedfo ssofhiso n c m afbvn wef nbyiao oesdii rnfrt(hoi thfiGeob hlts co xueheAbfagpsn uoonO ilterrtscoy tetfhb)ahsopi oetlisemes vr ctrc, kere koouccmi c flmcpewool ateunlnnumaatdstsefrvtli iifuyernbedgoisn gsayeur.i.rl rm rt nMeeaiaaevoxt tnisrioinpoodee rel(nmnw eoGxw ,osea poAivaadnlvvetonO daeersd lsro,,i d vftcmd1eafheoesv9mee nhpte9 aeodoeGl4scouinru)thAepn.dir nometsOT onss ehoo t lsrcon(efn ueo (gt ct .aensyegbtgexc um.evtep,lrhc unepleaaaodrc enutaseyr r sliwad e vMeatf meo uatloMh surcofoeuatlv oSd,t sc acer scorlsopda een:nrl; rdoci otctnhuerappleiruecieotnnf eydrlsis a e,enaat tchdeltacie toe tbtitcntino oohor.ssn) uiani; sr ttt seky aaa tlt nbnnhahoodyddxeeff epresentaks, hean as the lciommitmsT iohtntee etMh ewM uaSsse c roeofqn uevxeespntleeodds ittvhoea sut) n.thdee rNtaaktei oan aslt uRdeys eoafr cthh eC toeucnhcniilc a(Nl iRssCu)e sa dadnrde srse cthoem imsseuneds raaltiesernda tiinv eths ef oGrA fOut urreep oMrtM. AS digital rord breblicatio action.(cid:127) S preevciifeiwca plllya,t ftohrem c oremmmoivttaele t ewcahsn aoslokgedy ,t oin:cluding the costs of alternative techniques e: This new e lengths, won of this pu (cid:127) examine and appraise innovative technologies and techniques under development PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri ee us PREFACE vi s are trd. Plea eakerte (cid:127) assess the occupational and environmental hazards of explosive and alternative removal techniques Page brally ins In(cid:127) t hide ecnotiufrys ew oafy st htoe mstuitdigya, tteh teh ec oimdemntiitftieeed ahlasoza lredasrned about the requirements and concerns of other users of the s. ent marine environment (including shrimpers, fishers, recreational boaters, and people concerned about environmental ed damage), which should be taken into account in developing federal procedures for full or partial platform removal and esetting filbeen acci ffoixre sdiB toeaf sfcselhdeoa rroaenn sctiretsu. cTwtuhorere ksc,.o tmhem ictoteme malisttoe ea spsreespsaerde dth eth aisd erqeupaocryt, owfh eicxhis tpinrogv MidMes Sa recgoumlaptairoantsiv geo avsesrensisnmg etnhte oref mooffvsahlo oref al typhave smtraurcintuer ere sreomurocveas.l Ttehcihs nroelpoogrite sis ainndte nedxeisdt intog parnodv idpeo tgenutiidaaln mcei ttiog atthioen M sMtraSte ognie sth feo rte cdhencriceaals ibnags itsh efo dr admevageleo ptom elinvti nogf ginay offshore structure removal techniques and for updating pertinent federal rules and procedures. The report identifies orim alternatives for minimizing damage to the marine ecosystem from offshore structure removals. he ors m terr COMMITTEE COMPOSITION AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY k, not froographic mina aripnApee cncoodmnixsm trAuit.ct etMieo enom,f ub1ne2dr spe reowofpa ltteeh rew bcaloass mct omenfifvteteecnetes dian ncbdlyu mdtheie ti egNxapRteiCortn sM, otaenrc ihnonefif csBaholo aarresd s.ec siBvsimiol geernnatgp, ihbniieeoeslr oiognfyg c,, oegmceoomltoeigtctyeh,en aimcnadel m mebnaegnriasn geaeepmrpineenagrt, op er bome ty opfr alcitvicinagl emxpareirnties er etsoo uarscseess.s Ccuormrepnots citoionnd itoifo nths ea ncdo mmmakitete ree cpormovmideendd athtieo nssc ifeonrt itfhice, ftuetcuhrne.i cTalh, ee pcooninotms iocf, vpioelwic yo,f atnhde p paso offshore oil and gas industry and associated service industries were represented on the committee, as were the views of original ed, and sbcei eanffTteihsctetse dicn obvmyo lmevxeitpdtle oiens iwrveeassse uaarscsehsdi sottone drte hmbe yos pvleeiac oiisffiofcsn hl oirvreiepn rsget rsmuecnatrtuianrteievs re.ess ofruormce st h(see aM tuMrtSle, s,w mhaicrhin es pmoanmsomreadls ,t haen ds tfuisdhy), thaantd m tahye he ain National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), which is charged with ensuring compliance with regulations protecting m tret living marine resources. The principle guiding the committee, consistent with NRC policy, was not to exclude any ated fronnot be ithnefo drmTevhaeetli oocpnom mbeemnciatt utoesfee s oftorfa cptueosgseisdeis bo lteno btmhiaeist i,ag siafs tetehs seem nivneifnrootr nmomfa oetinfoftnsah lw odraaesm svatirgtuaecl. t tuDor ietsh preeo smstauold voyaf,l pbtleuactt hftoonr otmrloesag tai efastle lar p nrodeim natosssv ooacfl ,iv aeiteietwdh e hfraa oizrnaly rsd.ist ea, nidn ea es crer, c dstereupc twuraetse r,f oorr oenxstehnodree,d w saesr voiuctes idaen dth et hsecior pere oufs et hitsh rsotuudgyh. Astalttheospuognhs iosrseude s “croignsc-etorn-rineegf sth ep rroegqruaamlifsi”c awtioenre o fo roifgfisnhaolrlye L filwev excluded from the scope of the study, the committee found it necessary, for a full understanding of the complexity of Mo Xh the issues, to include a limited examination of the latter program and to present findings concerning the role of these m g, programs in the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem. Although the assessment may provide valuable insights concerning ed fromattin roefm thoev aslt uodfy o. fTfshhiosr ere sptorurtc taudrderse fsrsoems tsetcahten iacsa lw aenldl arse gfuedlaetroarly w isasteuress, arenl aatsinsegs stmo ethnet osaf fset arteem ruolveasl wofa so fbfesyhoonred sthtreu cstcuorpees en recomposg-specific forn. and mTihneim ciozminmg ihttaerem i ntoit ilaivteindg t hmea rsitnuHed yOre Wswoiut hTrc HbesrEi.e fSinTgUs DfrYom W MAMS SC OanNd DNUMCFTSE rDepresentatives involved in overseeing eno ation of the original work has bding styles, and other typesettiauthoritative version for attributi oiaerbafeonrenxcxonfosvftdipa imsosi tvlahttuioeimli Anonrltsdp gicrige ereoet,ntia s h osnvrosr ea e saeuatp nga itmnrtcermndueodee od ls csa am v rewoojtefaioinamnoncoalrtr rrvs n ipa eti niishncaatmise.esetnf tsi siTdo iuiavotueG rnehiinmsegtrsieu i dema e aalpc tcisfbtiianoro i.nnoe lo ommsEg suntft. ehxmth m dnaMepenuiant etaenmFedstrtwetitx iestuaevii idn gdc eetferseoersyserico, .gva hmetohiltoAncef ot oRowsg to sleohpcoeoytgvoerdhngsei ep e tissaeeperyrtenvnm esr ne marvuof.ts iis ofoleereT atronnfrhb tfhntsthneel, e m eeaorii ori nnnecn sfnddecno gco xuittmo aeh;tpsin ilnnemtctlacrteot eyineeirsmf t,rrndiit aencveaa anss eentrolt idi iednvntra ad e eeeblta r rmsh o pameoeeutlago n uiertursvhv rttetlahiee itaselr ahooetssooroeda fdnn a trsrh myc nettpohe hhfderf foi e e oensasd rsscptneeee,uetfpd msvnefoi w eistneocraoc,nhctv ettfulvoissai uonn i ledornt;icrox otfiseltyn pu n hsr mgaldmpeetono i omisnectdt niihnogco vgdeots oveaae tnpba tsldfet ol,tri rcs a sesir otcihbsmeohnamiiulnebenniot a mdl gevldeb i b,au av iiiellnncmnissi nhffthi yafootgaroiog,rri en nmummmessg n aepaaawftdfsrthtrie iione ieootnirimgyinnnneer,, epresentaks, hean as the AexppploeTnshidveiex ,r Benp.o oTnrhte xiissp ilnnoofsoitv rimen,t aeatninoddne dwm aaitssi guaas tseiodou nbr cyte etbchoheon ckioq muoenms .ri etTtmeheoe vi nao lbi tjtsee ccathninavloey lsooigsf y.t hbiust aasss easns masesnets sims eton t foofr mthuel actue rrae nstt rsattaetguys otof digital rord breblicatio eefnfseucrteiv teh aotp aesr altiitotlnes h.arm is inflicted on the environment and on living marine resources as is compatible with safe, cost- e: This new e lengths, won of this pu literaTtuhree ,report represents a synthesiOs RofG iAnfNorImZAatiToInO gNat hOeFre dT HbyE tRheE PcoOmRmTittee through briefings, review of the PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri ee us PREFACE vii s are trd. Plea eakerte technical presentations, analysis, and review of additional information gathered from interviews and articles. Page brally ins (cid:127)(cid:127) TChhea pEtexre c1u itsi vaen Souvmermviaerwy iosf at hsey nstoaptusiss ooff pthlaet froerpmorst .at the present time and the regulations governing removals. s. ent (cid:127) Chapter 2 is an assessment of alternative cutting techniques. ed (cid:127) Chapter 3 is a discussion of technical considerations relevant to the selection of particular removal methods. esetting filbeen acci (cid:127)(cid:127)(cid:127) CCChhhaaappptteeterrr 45 6ips r epas rceeonsmetsn pttsha reat hetinev veim rsouanmjommr eancrtoyanl o celffu ftsheiceot nsc soo sfat scn udarn rdree nbcteo rnmeemmfiotesvn aodlfa tateiloctehnrnsn oatlthoivagtei e asfop.lplroowa chfreosm to trheem ofvinadlsin.gs of the al typhave (cid:127) iAnvpepsetnigdaictieosn .provide the reader with additional background information, a list of individuals who made ginay presentations to the committee, the respondents to the Federal Register notice, and biographies of committee orim members. he ors m terr This report is intended as a guide to the Minerals Management Service for making decisions about regulations ok, not fropographic gdoecvreeransien gd atmhea gree mtoo tvhael eonfv ioroffnsmhoernet asntrdu ctotu lrievAsi CnagKn mdN aaOrbinWoeu tLr esEstorDautGrecgMeise.Es NfoTr Sencouraging the use of techniques that will oy er bme t The committee wishes to thank the federal liaisons, Charles Smith and Mary Ann Turner of the Minerals p Management Service and Gregg Gitschlag of the National Marine Fisheries Service, for invaluable information on ao original ped, and s aaeglxsetoen ncmdyea dadc ett iovti imtiineedslyi va niaddnu dpa leesrn stwphehucostii avsseptsio cok nce o tnthoter iitbshuseut ieocsno sum nomdfei trtt ieemex ea omanni ndba etiihnoafnol fri mno atfht iiposrn so tftueods ysthi.o eOn acthlo emar nmsdtia tftpfe uemb. leSimcp beicenirtasel r oetfsh tba nogktrhso uaapgrsee n a(csliseeoes he ain appendix C). These presentations enabled the committee to gasp the broader context in which the technical issues are m tret embedded. oe ated frnnot b REFERENCES ea es crer, c GAO (U.S. General Accounting Office). Offshore Oil and Gas Resources: Interior Can Improve Its Management of Lease Abandonment. L filwev MMS (MWinearsahlisn Mgtoanna, gDe.mCe.:n Ut S.Se.r vGiocev)e.r n1m99e5n.t O Pfrfisnhtionrge OStfaftiicset.ics. First Quarter, 1995. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Mo Xh m g, ed fromattin en recomposg-specific forn. eno ation of the original work has bding styles, and other typesettiauthoritative version for attributi epresentaks, hean as the digital rord breblicatio e: This new e lengths, won of this pu PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri ee us PREFACE viii s are trd. Plea ke eaert ge bry ins Paall s. ent ed esetting filbeen acci al typhave ginay orim he ors m terr k, not froographic op oy er bme t p ao ps original ed, and he ain m tret oe ated frnnot b ea es crer, c L filwev Mo Xh m g, ed fromattin en recomposg-specific forn. eno ation of the original work has bding styles, and other typesettiauthoritative version for attributi epresentaks, hean as the digital rord breblicatio e: This new e lengths, won of this pu PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri ee us CONTENTS ix s are trd. Plea ke eaert ge bry ins Contents Paall s. ent ed esetting filbeen acci al typhave ginay EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 orim k, not from the ographic errors 1 OVECRExeoRginsVustitlInraEutgicW oPtni loOsan,t Ff LEo aErqmwuXissIp,S maTneIdnN tP GUe rOsmeFditF siSn HPOlaRtfEor mST RReUmCoTvUalRsES AND REMOVAL REGULATIONS 110155 ooyp References 15 er bme t p ao 2 ASSESSMENT OF CUTTING TECHNIQUES 16 ps he original ained, and ENTxeocpnhleonxsipqivluoees sCi vBuete tCiinnuggt tTDineegcv hTenleoicqphuenedisques 112694 m tret References 29 oe ated frnnot b 3 TERCeHcNenICt RAeLm CoOvaNl SPIaDttEerRnAs TIONS 3300 ea ML files crowever, c TTRyyepfpeiircceaanll cAPelbsaatfnodromn mReemnto Pvraolc Cesossts 334090 Xh m g, ed fromattin 4 ENHVaIbRiOtaNt aMndE NEcToAsyLs AteSmSsESSMENT OF PRESENT REMOVAL TECHNIQUES 4422 en recomposg-specific forn. NSRueomfnelmreetanhrcayel sEffects of Explosive Removals 444777 eno epresentation of the original work has baks, heading styles, and other typesettin as the authoritative version for attributi 56 ADBC SCAUOPFCRBFPRMPNiaeEoeienCoMrdcgnNdtgoeLuiciAcrDrmllnUaiauaRgpIpmtlsSCsia hYioRI,oneEiOn cenntASssagNds lSiiGa nSsSStt oi ekCAEovrenoS eNtNsmcrSDnhoMmie tnRisEicg tEoetN Re fCaeT eCnO mMOdoM omFeLveM imEatsiltEXin toogNtPeffs DLeOR OAMeffSsTsepIhImVoOonbErNdee e rASSsnNttrsuDc tNurOeNsEXPLOSIVE TECHNOLOGIES 555556666005561379 digital rord breblicatio e: This new e lengths, won of this pu PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri ee us FIGURES AND TABLES x s are trd. Plea ke eaert ge bry ins Figures and Tables Paall s. ent ed esetting filbeen acci al typhave ginay orim FIGURES k, not from the ographic errors 1111----2341 NDENxuuisammtmrbbibpeeulrre toosio ffon EEf oxxCfii assEittsiixnnsioggstn PPisnll gaawtt ffPiootlhrra mmtWfosse,,r mlIIlnnsscc lliuundd tiihnnegg G CCuaaliifss ssooof nnMss,,e bbxyyic AWogaeter Depth 6678 ooyp 1-5 Well-Protector Platform 9 er bme t 1-6 Braced Caisson with Conventional Piles (MOSS I) 10 p ao 1-7 Braced Caisson with Skirt Piles (Seahorse) 11 ps he original ained, and 111-1--890 ECCxooannmvveepnnltteiisoo nnoaaf llS 46k--iPPrtii-llPee iPQleludaat fProtlerarmtsf o Pwrlmiatthsf oWrmells 111234 m tret 1-11 Mud-Slide-Type Platform 15 oe 2-1 Shock-Wave Focusing 18 ated frnnot b 22--23 RSkaedticahl Hofo all oMwe cChhaanrigceal Cutter on a Pile 1291 ea ML files crowever, c 222---456 SSEkkxeecttaccvhha etosifo onaf SRaanen qAdu biCrreaudst tifevore r o JEnex ta tC ePrunitltaeelr D oinv ear W Cueltls and Pile 222124 m Xg, h 2-7 Sketches Showing Internal Diver Cut 25 ed fromattin 22--89 HDiyadmraounldic W Shireea rCsutter 2266 en recomposg-specific forn. 233-1--120 PNNyuur1mmo9tbbe9eec4rrh) oonffic PP Tllaaottrffcoohrrmm RReemmoovvaallss,, EInxcclluuddiinngg C Caaiissssoonnss, ,b byy M Meetthhoodd o afn Rd eWmaotvear lD beyp Ythe (a1r 9(815/1–/85– 233712 eno epresentation of the original work has baks, heading styles, and other typesettin as the authoritative version for attributi TABLE3334S----22223451---- 1234 NNNNuuuuEACA1mmmmxoss1pssbbbbs/eetl2eeee ossorrrr1sss f/oooommi9 vDffff4ee ePPFPi)nn vCllilttaasae uoohtttrffft ffoooCta iNPrrrtnu mmmrPgotes ssl nsRT a ieebbtneexnfyy comptI hrnSSlaomoncnoovsird iiqiaeWllv ulaFTTseesCu, yyis CntI ppu3ngueer5c t eWlta2 uinEndadgxit n epWTrgl oe DaCcstiheeavprnie stiD hsqCoueunpetsstth, i (nGpgru eTlsfe eocnfht Mnaipqepuxleiiccsoat i(o1n/1s/)53–11/21/94) 3334122226766038 digital rord breblicatio 33--12 AAsssseessssmmeenntt ooff tthhee LPaeratviael- iRne-Pmlaocvea lO Opptitoionn 3334 e: This new e lengths, won of this pu 3333----3456 ACCDooesstmsaet ispClseamodram eCtinpvotae sro tiC fsC otohonsemt fs Co porao frAm iPslplotaelnterf ntooeafr tR miAve leRmt eeRormnevmaaotlvi ovOavelpas R ltU iMoesmnienotghv oaEdlx sMp (lieonts hdivooedlslsa ((riisnn) ddoollllaarrss)) 33345890 PDF filnal; linnt versi 5-1 Comparison of the Effects of Disposal Options and Cutting Techniques 52 About this to the origiuse the pri
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