Assessment of Mammalian Embryo Quality: Invasive and non-invasive techniques PDF
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ASSESSMENT OF MAMMALIAN EMBRYO QUALITY INVASIVE AND NON-INVASIVE TECHNIQUES ASSESSMENT OF MAMMALIAN EMBRYO QUALITY Invasive and non-invasive techniques edited by Ann Van Soom Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Merelbeke, Belgium and Marleen Boerjan Research and Development, Pas Reform Hatchery Technologies, Zeddam, The Netherlands Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-94-010-3909-3 ISBN 978-94-010-0343-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0343-8 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Orignally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of contributors ............................................................................vii Preface ..............................................................................................xi Introduction Only the best conceptus will do! But what does best mean?.........................................xiii Martin H. Johnson Chapter 1: Human embryo morphology and developmental capacity.................................................................................1 Mina Alikani, Sasha Sadowy and Jacques Cohen 1. Introduction...................................................................................1 2. EggCyte™ Embryology Database.................................................1 3. Zygote Morphology.......................................................................2 4. Cleavage Stage embryos................................................................7 5. Morulae and Blastocysts..............................................................18 6. Conclusions and future directions...............................................24 Chapter 2: Morphological evaluation of embryos in domestic species.................................................................................31 Sybrand Merton 1. Introduction.................................................................................31 2. Developmental processes in embryos..........................................33 3. Classification of embryos by stage of development....................38 4. Classification of embryos by quality grade.................................40 5. Relationship between embryo morphology evaluation and pregnancy rates............................................................................43 6. Factors affecting embryo evaluation...........................................45 7. Embryo morphology in other domestic species...........................48 8. Conclusion...................................................................................49 Chapter 3: Metabolic markers of embryo viability...........................55 Isabelle Donnay 1. Introduction.................................................................................55 2. General characteristics of embryo metabolism............................56 ii 3. Non-invasive techniques of evaluation........................................62 4. Evaluation of embryo viability after embryo manipulation........78 5. Conclusions.................................................................................80 Chapter 4: Embryo quality and freezing tolerance: cryopreservation of human embryos...............................93 Josiane Van der Elst 1. Introduction.................................................................................93 2. Selection of embryos for cryopreservation: features related to freezing tolerance........................................................................95 3. Conclusion.................................................................................110 Chapter 5: Factors influencing cryopreservation of domestic animal embryos................................................................121 Alban Massip and S. P. Leibo 1. Introduction...............................................................................121 2. Factors affecting freezing tolerance...........................................124 3. Cryobiological aspects...............................................................129 4. Possible methods to improve freezing resistance......................131 5. Conclusion.................................................................................133 Chapter 6: Timing of embryo development......................................139 Barry Bavister 1. Introduction...............................................................................139 2. Timing of embryo development as an indicator of viability.....140 3. Genetic regulation of embryo development timing...................144 4. Timing of events during fertilization.........................................145 5. Culture media effects on timing of embryo development.........146 6. Timing of human embryo development....................................148 7. Summary and conclusions.........................................................151 Chapter 7: Biopsy and preimplantation diagnosis of human embryos.............................................................................157 Deborah Taylor and Maria Tachataki 1. Introduction...............................................................................157 2. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD).................................158 3. Obtaining oocytes and embryos................................................158 4. Methods of oocyte and embryo biopsy......................................159 iii 5. Methods of diagnosis.................................................................163 6. Use of PGD technology for evaluation of mammalian embryo quality...........................................................................171 Chapter 8: Biopsying and genotyping cattle embryos.....................178 Erik Mullaart 1. Introduction...............................................................................178 2. Embryo biopsy methods............................................................179 3. Pregnancy rates..........................................................................182 4. DNA tests performed on the biopsy..........................................185 5. Conclusion.................................................................................191 Chapter 9: Multiphoton microscopy for imaging mammalian embryos.............................................................................195 Jayne M. Squirrell 1. Introduction...............................................................................195 2. Multiphoton microscopy basics.................................................196 3. Embryo culture for imaging......................................................199 4. Viability (laboratory species)....................................................201 5. Imaging depth (domestic species).............................................205 6. Maximizing information from rare specimens (non-human primate).................................................................207 7. Potential future directions..........................................................209 8. Conclusion.................................................................................211 Chapter 10: Is the frequency of chromosome abnormalities influenced by in vitro techniques?..................................219 Dorthe Viuff, Torben Greve and Preben Dybdahl Thomsen 1. Introduction...............................................................................219 2. Methodology..............................................................................221 3. Chromosome abnormalities in embryos....................................225 4. Is the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities increased by in vitro culture?..........................................................................230 5. Conclusion.................................................................................232 iv Chapter 11: Differential staining of inner and outer cells to assess mammalian embryo quality.............................237 Ann Van Soom, Marleen Boerjan and Kate Hardy 1. Introduction...............................................................................237 2. Embryonic development............................................................238 3. Differential staining of the blastocyst........................................242 4. Conclusion.................................................................................259 Chapter 12: Apoptosis in mammalian embryos.................................267 Kate Hardy and Sophie Spanos 1. Introduction...............................................................................267 2. Definitions of cell death............................................................270 3. Characteristic features of apoptosis in mammalian embryos: incidence and detection.............................................................271 4. Examples of application............................................................284 5. Advantages and disadvantages of different techniques.............286 6. Conclusions...............................................................................288 Chapter 13: Electron microscopy of pre-hatching mammalian embryos: the ultrastructure of cattle, swine and horse embryos..................................................................295 Poul Maddox-Hyttel1 and Marleen Boerjan 1. Introduction...............................................................................295 2. Basic considerations on the ultrastructure of pre-hatching mammalian embryos..................................................................296 3. Ultrastructure of the oocyte, zygote and pre-hatching embryo in cattle.........................................................................300 4. Ultrastructure of the zygote and pre-hatching embryo in swine328 5. Ultrastructure of the zygote and pre-hatching embryo in horse334 Chapter 14: Differences in gene expression patterns related to origin of preimplantation embryos................................341 Christine Wrenzycki and Heiner Niemann 1. Introduction...............................................................................341 2. Methodological aspects of mRNA expression analysis.............343 3. Gene expression patterns in bovine preimplantation embryos..346 4. Alterations in gene expression patterns of preimplantation rodent embryos..........................................................................357 v 5. Gene expression patterns in human embryos............................362 6. Summary and concluding remarks............................................363 Chapter 15: Protocols Appendix I: The electron microscope............................................371 Poul Maddox-Hyttel The transmission and scanning electron microscope.................371 Microscopical resolution...........................................................372 Specimen preparation for transmission electron microscopy....374 Appendix II: Processing of eggs for transmission electron microscopy..................................................................376 Poul Maddox-Hyttel Appendix III: Human preimplantation diagnosis pcr and RT-PCR...............................................................379 Deborah Taylor Appendix IV: Human preimplantation diagnosis fluorescence in situ-hybridization (FISH) on individual blastomeres.................................................................382 Deborah Taylor Appendix V: Fluorescence in situ-hybridization (FISH) on metaphases in bovine embryos..................................384 Dorthe Viuff Appendix VI: Differential staining....................................................388 Ann Van Soom Index ......................................................................................392 Colour plates ......................................................................................401 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Alikani M Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Science, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, 101 Old Short Hills road, Suite 501, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA Bavister BD Audubon Institute, Center for Research of Endangered Species, University of New Orléans, 14001 River Road, New Orleans, LA 70131, USA Boerjan ML PasReform, Hatchery technologies, PO Box 2, NL-7038 ZG Zeddam, the Netherlands Cohen J Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Science, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, 101 Old Short Hills road, Suite 501, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA Donnay I Université Catholique de Louvain, Unité des Sciences Vétéri- naires, Place Croix du Sud 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Greve T Department of Clinical studies, Reproduction, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Dyrlægevej 68, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark Hardy K Department for Reproductive Science and Medicine, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial college, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK Johnson MH Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK viii Leibo SP Audubon Institute, Center for Research of Endangered Species, University of New Orléans, 14001 River Road, New Orléans, LA 70131, USA Maddox-Hyttel P Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Groennegaardsvej 7, 1870 Frede- riksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark Massip A Université Catholique de Louvain, Unité des Sciences Vétérinaires, Place Croix du Sud 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Merton S Holland Genetics, ET-IVP Laboratory, Broekstraat 5b, 7217 SL Harfsen, the Netherlands Mullaart E Holland Genetics, PO Box 5073, 6802 Arnhem, the Netherlands Niemann H Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Science, Federal Agricultural Research Center (FAL), Höltystr. 10, D- 31535 Neustadt, Germany Sadowy S Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Science, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, 101 Old Short Hills road, Suite 501, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA Spanos S Department for Reproductive Science and Medicine, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental biology, Imperial college, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK Squirrell JM Laboratory of Moleuclar Biology, University of Wisconsin, 1525 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53717, USA Tachataki M Institute of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Veterinary
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