Assessment of Hydrogen Energy for Sustainable Development

309 Pages·2007·11.956 MB·English

by  Professor John W. Sheffield (auth.), Professor John W. Sheffield, Çiğdem Sheffield (eds.)

Assessment of Hydrogen Energy
for Sustainable Development
NATO Science for Peace and Security Series
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Series C:Environmental Security
Assessment of Hydrogen Energy
for Sustainable Development
edited by
John W. Sheffield
University of Missouri-Rolla,
Rolla, MO, U.S.A.
and
Ç iğdem Sheffield
United Nations Industrial Development
Organization – International Centre
for Hydrogen Energy Technologies,
Istanbul, Turkey
Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Assessment of Hydrogen Energy for Sustainable Development:
Energy & Environmental Security
Istanbul, Turkey
7–10 August 2006
AC.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4020-6441-8 (PB)
ISBN 978-1-4020-6440-1 (HB)
ISBN 978-1-4020-6442 -5 (e-book)
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CONTENTS
Preface………………………………………………………………………..……vii

Energy Security Through Hydrogen………………………….……………….……1
J.W. Sheffield

21st Century’s Energy: Hydrogen Energy System…………………….……………9
T.N. Veziroğlu

Energy Policy is Technology Politics – The Hydrogen Energy Case……………...33
C.-J. Winter

Hydrogen from Renewables……………………………………………………….51
N. Lymberopoulos

Hydrogen Fueling Sustainability of Energy Systems, Regional Integration,
and Development: The Sahara Wind Project…………………………………...…59
K. Benhamou

Pathway for Hydrogen in Urban Transit System……….…………..……….……..75
T.K. Bose, A. Hourri, G.Y. Champagne, and R.P. Fournier

Energy Transitions in Transportation: Is it a Technology or a Policy-driven
Process? ……………………………………………………………….…….…….83
R. Macário

Prospects for Hydrogen as a Military Fuel……………………………….……..…97
K.D. Pointon and J.B. Lakeman

The US Military and Hydrogen in Missouri……………………………………..107
S.Tupper

Fuel Cells for Clean Power Generation: Status and Perspectives……………..…113
F. Barbir

Performance of Single-chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.......................................123
I. Kellogg, U. Koylu, and F. Doğan

Hydrogen Production from Solar Energy…………………...…………………....135
I.E. Türe

Chemical Synthesis of Mixed Oxide Powders for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
(SOFC) Electrolyte and Electrodes........................................................................147
Ç. Öncel and M.A. Gülgün

v
vi CONTENTS
Solar Hydrogen Production in Algeria: Perspectives and Applications………….161
S. Labed

Biohydrogen Production by Anaerobic Biological Fermentation
of Agriculture Waste…………………………………………….……………….177
M. Al-Alawi

Hydrogen Energy System for Sustainable Development………….……………..187
N.H. Afgan and M.G. Carvalho

Renewable Energy in Armenia: State-of-the-art and Development
Strategies (Hydropower) .………………………………………………….....….211
S. Gevorgyan and V. Sargsyan

Renewable Energy in Armenia: State-of-the-art and Development
Strategies (Wind, Solar, and Hydrogen Energy) …………………………...……217
S. Gevorgyan and V. Sargsyan

Thermodynamic Efficiency Analysis of a Hydrogen Production System
Fueled with Hydrocarbon Fuels for Fuel Cell Applications..................................225
A. Ersöz, F. Akgün, and E. Günen

Development of Ecologically Friendly Technology for Gasification
of Municipal Solid Wastes…………..………………….………………………..243
M. Slenkin and G. Geletukha

Prospects for Sustainable Development of Ukrainian Energy Sector……………249
Oleg Udovyk and Oksana Udovyk

The Latest Activities of International Ecoenergy Academy on Renewable
Energy Development in Azerbaijan………………………...…………………....257
F.G. Aliyev and F.F. Aliyev

The Hydride Systems and Peculiarities of Hydrogen Solubility
in these Structures………………………..…………………………………...….269
S.Y. Zaginaichenko, D.V. Schur, and Z.A. Matysina

Author Index…………………………………………………………………..….311

Subject Index………………………………………………………….……….…313
PREFACE

The NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) entitled “Assessment of Hydrogen
Energy for Sustainable Development: Energy & Environmental Security” was held
during the four-day period, 7–10 August 2006, in Istanbul, Turkey. This NATO-
ARW was organized to discuss the issues concerning environmental security and
sustainable development of hydrogen energy technologies using advanced renewable
energies sources, such as wind, solar, biomass, wave, geothermal, and hydro energy.
In addition, an assessment of the difficult problems of environmental security and
development of hydrogen energy technologies was needed to review the techno-
logical, financial, legal, and institutional barriers to a cost-competitive, standardized,
widely accessible, safe, and environmentally benign hydrogen economy.

Energy and environmental security are truly major problems facing our global eco-
nomy. Fossil fuels, particularly crude oil, are confined to a few regions of the world
and the continuity of supply is governed by dynamic political, economic, and eco-
logical factors. These factors conspire to force volatile, often high fossil fuel prices
while, at the same time, our environmental policies are demanding a reduction in
greenhouse gases and toxic emissions. Thus a coherent energy strategy is required,
addressing both energy supply and demand, taking account of the whole energy life
cycle including fuel production, transmission and distribution, and energy conversion,
and the impact on energy equipment manufacturers and the end-users of energy
systems. In the short term, our aim should be to achieve higher energy efficiency
and increased energy supply from local energy sources, in particular renewable
energy sources. In the long term, a hydrogen-based economy will have an impact
on all these sectors. In view of technological developments, vehicle and component
manufacturers, transport providers, the energy industry, and even householders are
seriously looking at alternative energy sources and fuels and more efficient and
cleaner technologies – especially hydrogen and hydrogen-powered fuel cells.

The aim of this NATO-ARW was thus to bring together legal experts, engineering
specialists, policy analysts, and scientists to focus on hydrogen energy for sustain-
able development; to discuss policy and technical issues essential for the develop-
ment and deployment of hydrogen energy technologies; to discuss how to foster
large-scale, long-term public–private cooperation to advance hydrogen energy tech-
nologies and infrastructure development; to analyze and set priorities for research,
development, and deployment and ensuring support for the most promising and
beneficial activities.

The NATO-ARW format consisted of invited lectures, oral, and poster contributions.
By attending this workshop, all of the participants gained an insight into the current
status of hydrogen systems and had the opportunity to develop collaborations
between participants.

vii
viii PREFACE
This Proceedings brings together the papers of invited and contributed participants.
We hope that they will serve as both a useful reference and a resource material for
all the participants and for those whose interest in the subject matter may develop
after the event.

This NATO Advanced Research Workshop, “Assessment of Hydrogen Energy for
Sustainable Development: Energy & Environmental Security” (Ref. No. CBP.EAP.
ARW 982094) was supported by the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Security through Science Programme. Their contribution is gratefully acknowledged.

Finally, this workshop was also carried out in cooperation with the United Nations
Industrial Development Organisation – International Centre for Hydrogen Energy
Technologies (UNIDO-ICHET). Based in Istanbul, UNIDO-ICHET acts as a conduit
for knowledge and technology flow between developed and developing countries
by providing support, facilities, and expertise concerning all aspects of energy
conversion technologies involving hydrogen.

John W. Sheffield
Çiğdem Sheffield
ENERGY SECURITY THROUGH HYDROGEN
JOHN W. SHEFFIELD*
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,
University of Missouri-Rolla
Rolla, Missouri 65409-0050, USA
Abstract: Energy and environmental security are major problems facing
our global economy. Fossil fuels, particularly crude oil, are confined to a
few regions of the world and the continuity of supply is governed by dynamic
political, economic, and ecological factors. These factors conspire to force
volatile, often high fuel prices while, at the same time, environmental policy
is demanding a reduction in greenhouse gases and toxic emissions. A coherent
energy strategy is required, addressing both energy supply and demand,
taking account of the whole energy life cycle including fuel production,
transmission and distribution, and energy conversion, and the impact on
energy equipment manufacturers and the end-users of energy systems. In
the short term, the aim should be to achieve higher energy efficiency and
increased supply from local energy sources, in particular renewable energy
sources. In the long term, a hydrogen-based economy will have an impact
on all these sectors. In view of technological developments, vehicle and
component manufacturers, transport providers, the energy industry, and even
householders are seriously looking at alternative energy sources and fuels
and more efficient and cleaner technologies – especially hydrogen and
hydrogen-powered fuel cells. The Hydrogen Energy System has the best
potential of becoming the energy system of the future. Hydrogen can be
produced from sustainable, renewable sources and may contribute to meet
the growth in world energy demand. For example, hydrogen is a carbon-free
energy carrier. When hydrogen is used in fuel cells, there are no harmful
emissions. The current production of hydrogen is estimated to be approxi-
mately 500 billion m3/year, equivalent to 3.3 million barrels of oil per day.
This is equivalent to approximately 10% of the energy currently used in the
transportation sector. Today, hydrogen is mostly made by partial oxidation
______
* John W. Sheffield, Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri-
Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409-0050, U.S.A.; e-mail: [email protected]
1
J.W. Sheffield and Ç. Sheffield (eds.), Assessment of Hydrogen Energy for Sustainable
Development, 1–8.
© 2007 Springer.
2 J.W. SHEFFIELD
or steam reforming of oil, natural gas steam reforming, methanol reforming,
and water electrolysis. But the production possibilities are diverse, even
modified algae can produce hydrogen. The production of hydrogen is rela-
tively simple compared to processes to make conventional fuels. As a con-
sequence, nobody will be able to control the supply of hydrogen. Hydrogen
is an energy carrier, which means it can store energy. Thus hydrogen is
particular suitable for renewable energy systems. For example, surplus wind
energy or solar energy produced under good conditions can be used to
produce hydrogen via electricity.
1. Background
The NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) entitled “Assessment of
Hydrogen Energy for Sustainable Development: Energy & Environmental
Security” was organized to discuss the issues concerning environmental
security and sustainable development of hydrogen energy technologies
using advanced renewable energies sources, such as wind, solar, biomass,
wave, geothermal, and hydro energy. In addition, an assessment of the
difficult problems of environmental security and development of hydrogen
energy technologies will review the technological, financial, legal, and
institutional barriers to a cost-competitive, standardized, widely accessible,
safe, and environmentally benign hydrogen economy. The goal will be to
bring together legal experts, engineering specialists, policy analysts, and
scientists to focus on hydrogen energy for sustainable development; to
discuss policy and technical issues essential for the development and deploy-
ment of hydrogen energy technologies; to discuss how to foster large-scale,
long-term public–private cooperation to advance hydrogen energy techno-
logies and infrastructure development; to analyze and set priorities for
research, development, and deployment and ensuring support for the most
promising and beneficial activities.
It should be noted that the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier entails a
number of challenges for the developers of hydrogen energy technologies.
International rules and regulations, laws, and technical standards need to be
adjusted to the transition of fuels. One example of an international develop-
ment is the European Integrated Hydrogen Project, which is developing
common international standards and regulations in this area. The lack of
proper international standards is regarded as a barrier for the introduction
of hydrogen as an energy carrier.
An important issue with respect to handling of hydrogen is the safety of
hydrogen storage, fueling, and transportation. Extensive safety assessments
are necessary in order to have a sufficient basis for rules and regulations to
be accepted by each country. For example, the maintenance of a hydrogen