Assessment and Refurbishment of Steel Structures

386 Pages·2004·30.586 MB·\386

by  Zoltan Agocs (Author), Jan Brodniansky (Author), Josef Vican (Author), Jerzy Ziolko (Author)

Assessment and Refurbishment
of Steel Structures

Assessment and refurbishment
of steel structures
Zoltan Agocs
Jerzy Ziotko, Josef Vican
and Jan Brodniansky
Spon Press jg
§S1BCE
Taylor & Francis Croup Ltd.
LONDON AND NEW YORK BRATISLAVA
First published 2005 by Spon Press
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Spon Press
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Simultaneously published by Ister Science Ltd
Staromestska 6, 811 03 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Spon Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
Transferred to Digital Printing 2005
© 2005 Zoltan Agocs, Jerzy Ziotko, Josef Vican and Jan Brodniansky
© Translation 2005 Darina Halasova
Typeset in by Clara Design Studio
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Assessment and refurbishment of steel structures / Zoltan Agocs, (et al.)
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-415-23598-7 (alk. paper)
1. Building, Iron and steel. 2. Structural design. I. Agocs, Zoltan
1938-
TA684.A78 2004
624.1'821-dc22 2003015109
ISBN 0-415-23598-7 (United Kingdom)
ISBN 80-88683-29-7 (Slovak Republic)
Contents
List of figures ix
List of tables xxiii
Foreword xxv
1 Introduction (Z AGOCS) 1
1.1 Modern reconstruction 2
1.2 Basic terms 2
1.3 Principles of the design and assessment
of steel structures for refurbishment 4
1.3.1 Materials used in steel structures since the 1920s
(J. VICAN) 5
1.3.2 Reliability ofbuilding structures (J. VIC AN) 7
2 Causes and analysis of steel structural failures (Z. AGOCS) 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Errors in the design of structures 26
2.2.7 Errors in the project 26
2.2.2 Incorrect determination of loading 29
2.2.3 Inappropriate structural solutions 31
2.3 Defective or inadequate material 33
2.3.1 Steels with insufficient weldability 37
2.3.2 Steels liable to brittle fracture 39
2.4 Defects during fabrication and erection 40
2.5 Failures caused by operation 42
2.5.1 Faults in steel structures caused
by atmospheric corrosion 42
2.5.2 Damage to structures by material fatigue 47
2.5.3 Effect of high temperature 47
2.5.4 Effect of accidental events 49
2.6 Results of defect analysis 53
vi Contents
3 Assessment of steel load-bearing structures (Z. AGOCS) 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Background for the assessment 56
3.3 Methods of assessment 56
3.3.1 Periodic assessment 59
3.3.2 Assessment prompted by user 74
3.3.3 Assessment before refurbishment 74
3.4 Instruments and devices for assessment 76
3.4.1 Measurement of the geometric shape of a structure 76
3.4.2 Measurement of wear and damage to structure 78
3.4.3 Verification of the static and dynamic behaviour of
a structure 79
3.4.4 Supplementary assessing equipment 79
4 Basic methods of reinforcing steel structures (Z. AGOCS) 81
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Reinforcement of elements by enlargement of
the original cross-section 83
4.2.1 Reinforcement of angled girder cross-sections 83
4.2.2 Reinforcement of member cross-sections
in lattice structures 87
4.2.3 Reinforcement of column cross-sections and struts 89
4.3 Reinforcement of joints and connections 91
4.4 Reinforcement by changes to the static system 93
4.4.1 Insertion of additional stiffeners and members into
the original structure 94
4.4.2 Change of the static system 96
4.5 Reinforcement by additional prestress 100
4.5.1 Reinforcement by using prestressing draw bars 101
4.5.2 Reinforcement by forced deformation 105
4.6 Reinforcement of steel elements by coupling with concrete
(J. VICAN) 106
4.6.1 Introduction 106
4.6.2 Examples of reinforcement of steel elements
by coupling with concrete 108
4.7 Reinforcement of elements under loading (J. VICAN) 113
4.7.1 Introduction 113
4.7.2 Reinforcement of axially stressed elements 113
4.7.3 Elements stressed by bending 119
4.7.4 Techniques for reinforcing elements under loading 124
Contents vii
4.8 Finding capacity reserves in the original structure
by accurate assessment of its actual operation (Z. AGOCS) 126
4.8.1 Introduction (J. VICAN) 126
4.8.2 New procedures for assessing the reliability of
steel structures 127
4.8.3 The influence of the precision of values of loading 129
4.8.4 Development of calculating algorithms
for steel structures 129
4.8.5 Intentional use of the plastic properties of steels 130
5 Repair and reconstruction of civil structures
(Z. AGOCS, J. BRODNIANSKY) 135
5.1 Hall structures 135
5.7.7 Reconstruction of the roof of a stadium 135
5.7.2 Reconstruction of a suspended roof 139
5.1.3 Repair of the roof structure of a chemical plant 142
5.7.4 Reinforcement of tie beams in a cinema theatre 146
5.7.5 Reinforcement of the cross beams of horizontal frames 148
5.1.6 Reinforcement of roof deck of a hall 149
5.7.7 Reconstruction of a metal foundry 152
5.1.8 Reinforcement of the steel structure of a shipyard hall 154
5.1.9 Refurbishment of the steel structure of
a coal-cleaning plant 160
5.1.10 Additional buildings 164
5.2 Refurbishment of steel structures after fire damage 169
6 Repair and reconstruction of engineering structures
(Z. AGOCS) 177
6.1 Bridges and special structures 177
6.1.1 Cable bridge systems 111
6.1.2 Technical bridges (J. BRODNIANSKY) 197
6.1.3 Reconstruction of the Maria Valeria Bridge
(Z. AGOCS) 217
6.1.4 Special structures 230
6.2 Engineering structures (J. ZIOLKO) 234
6.2.7 Assessment of the technical condition 234
and repairs to cylidrical tanks
6.2.2 Assessment and repair of underground arterial
pipelines 280
6.2.3 Assessment and repair of gas pipelines
(J. BRODNIANSKY, A. ZELENAY) 292
viii Contents
6.2.4 Assessment and repair of steel chimneys
(J.ZIOtKO) 317
6.2.5 Assessment and refurbishing of steel masts 327
References 349
Index 355
List of figures
Figure 1.1 Classification of methods in the theory of reliability
Figure 1.2 Definition of the reliability index (3 and probability of failure P
f
Figure 1.3 Graphical representation of the separated reliability condition
Figure 1.4 Increase in the reliability index of a structure in relation to the
time of carrying out an inspection
Figure 1.5 Decrease in the target reliability index for verifying the
reliability of existing structures
Figure 2.1 Schema for a conveyor bridge
Figure 2.2 View of the collapsed part of the structure
Figure 2.3 Schema for the support structure of the supply tanks
Figure 2.4 The broken support structure
Figure 2.5 The damaged node with a broken diagonal
Figure 2.6 Schema for the broken roof truss
Figure 2.7 A damaged gusset plate (a) schema for the lattice bearer, (b) damaged
plate in node A
Figure 2.8 Node of the lower chord of the lattice girder
Figure 2.9 Failures caused by water freezing
Figure 2.10 Cracks in the girders of a crane runway
Figure 2.11 Fork junction of the plate caused by the rolling of two plates
Figure 2.12 Fork junction of the front plate in the bent girder
Figure 2.13 Examples of solutions for structural nodes, (a) inadequate as regards
the layering and laminar cracks, (b) more adequate with the use of
angles to secure continuity
Figure 2.14 Examples of solutions of welded joints (a) endangered by laminar
cracks, (b) more adequate ones
Figure 2.15 The order of welding double-sided 1/2 V-welds (a) normally used,
(b) more adequate ones
Figure 2.16 A frame corner (a) welded, (b) with a front connection using high-
strength bolts