Assessing the Implicit Personality Through Conditional Reasoning

252 Pages·2011·1.961 MB·English

by  Lawrence R. James, James M. LeBreton

Assessing the
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Reasoning
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American Psychological Association • Washington, DC
Copyright © 2012 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved. Except as
permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may
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prior written permission of the publisher.
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s American Psychological Association
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er Covent Garden, London
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f Typeset in Goudy by Circle Graphics, Inc., Columbia, MD
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f Printer: United Book Press, Baltimore, MD

t Cover Designer: Mercury Publishing Services, Rockville, MD
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. The opinions and statements published are the responsibility of the authors, and such
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o opinions and statements do not necessarily represent the policies of the American
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at Psychological Association.
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o Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
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James, Lawrence R.
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a Assessing the implicit personality through conditional reasoning / Lawrence R. James and
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i James M. LeBreton. — 1st ed.
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o p. cm.
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ho Includes bibliographical references and index.
yc ISBN-13: 978-1-4338-1057-2
Ps ISBN-10: 1-4338-1057-3
n 1. Personality assessment. 2. Subconsciousness. I. LeBreton, James M. II. Title.
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ri BF698.5.J34 2011
me 155.2'8—dc22
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2011015084
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i British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
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o A CIP record is available from the British Library.
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Printed in the United States of America
First Edition
DOI: 10.1037/13095-000
CONTENTS
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A List of Tables, Figures, and Exhibits........................................................... vii

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c Acknowledgments..................................................................................... xi
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l Chapter 1. Introduction: The Implicit and Explicit
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c Personalities and the Issue of Their Assessment.................. 3
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Common Measures of the Implicit Personality.............. 6
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i Required Features for a New Implicit
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t An Overview of Our Book............................................. 14
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y Chapter 2. Conditional Reasoning and the Implicit Personality:
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Theory of the Instrument for the Conditional
Reasoning Test for Aggression....................................... 21
Theory of the Instrument for the Conditional
Reasoning Test for Relative Motive Strength............... 39
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Motivation to Approach Versus Avoid:
Motives (Needs)............................................................. 44
Justification Mechanisms................................................ 48
Developing One’s Own Set of Justification
Mechanisms.................................................................... 59
Chapter 3. The Development of Conditional Reasoning Problems......... 69
Steps Involved in Building a Conditional Reasoning
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Reasoning Tests..................................................................... 113
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n for Aggression in Relation to Ozer’s
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ti Principles 2 and 3......................................................... 161
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c Empirical Results for Relative Motive Strength.......... 163
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a Reasoning Based on Channeling Models........................... 165
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og Channeling Hypotheses............................................... 166
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h Integrative Models That Involve
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an Concluding Comments Regarding Integrative Models... 190
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er Chapter 6. Future Directions: New Constructions.............................. 193
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Depression.................................................................... 196
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Conclusion................................................................... 209
References................................................................................................ 211
Index........................................................................................................ 231
About the Authors................................................................................... 243
vi CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES,
AND EXHIBITS
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i Table 3.1. Illustrations of Differential Framing by Nonaggressive
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e Conditional Reasoning Problems in the Conditional
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Reasoning Test for Aggression............................................ 116
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i Table 4.3. Distribution of Scores on the Conditional Reasoning
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py Test for Aggression (Justification of Aggression Scale)...... 118
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Table 4.4. Factor Analysis of 22 Problems in the Conditional
Reasoning Test for Aggression............................................ 120
Table 4.5. Criterion and Hypotheses for 14 Validation Samples....... 124
Table 4.6. Uncorrected Validities for Scores on Conditional
Reasoning Tests for Aggression........................................... 130
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Table 4.7. Correlations Between Critical Intellectual Skills
and Scores on Conditional Reasoning Tests
for Aggression...................................................................... 138
Table 4.8. Relationships Between Gender and Scores
on Conditional Reasoning Tests for Aggression................. 138
Table 4.9. Relationships Between Race and Scores
on Conditional Reasoning Tests for Aggression................. 141
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Table 4.14. Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression
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Implicit Biases, and Justification Mechanisms...................... 71
Figure 4.1. Strategy for Building a Nonarbitrary Metric for the
Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression........................ 151
Figure 4.2. Nonarbitrary or Optimum Score Based on Theft
Criterion (Study 9).............................................................. 152
viii LISTOFTABLES, FIGURES, ANDEXHIBITS
Figure 5.1. Joint Effects of the Affiliation Motive and Extraversion
on Marriage and Divorce Across the Radcliffe
and Mills Samples................................................................ 169
Figure 5.2. Joint Effects of the Affiliation Motive and Extraversion
on Dissatisfaction in Intimate Relationships Across
the Radcliffe and Mills Samples.......................................... 170
Figure 5.3. Integrative Model for Aggression........................................ 173
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Figure 5.7. Integrative Model for Assessment Centers.......................... 188
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EXHIBITS
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Exhibit 3.1. Three Illustrative Inductive Reasoning Problems............... 75
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Exhibit 3.5. Conditional Reasoning Problems for Aggression................ 97
Exhibit 3.6. Illustrative Types of Distractors in Logical
Reasoning........................................................................... 101
Exhibit 3.7. Informal Reasoning Based on Justification
Mechanisms........................................................................ 107
LISTOFTABLES, FIGURES, ANDEXHIBITS ix
Exhibit 3.8. Ideas for Conditional Reasoning Problems........................ 110
Exhibit 5.1. Integrative Model of Personality Assessment for
Achievement Motivation.................................................. 184
Exhibit 6.1. Sample Conditional Reasoning Problem Designed
to Measure Negative Self-Bias........................................... 198
Exhibit 6.2. Sample Conditional Reasoning Problem Designed
to Measure the Displacement of Responsibility Bias......... 203
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x LISTOFTABLES, FIGURES, ANDEXHIBITS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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A Assessing the Implicit Personality Through Conditional Reasoningwas made

al possible through the efforts of a number of very talented and dedicated grad-
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i uate students, and Larry James would like to expresses his gratitude to them
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hard questions. Interacting with them has been one of the great rewards of
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Both authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to Linda
Malnasi McCarter and Peter Pavilionis in the Books department at the
American Psychological Association. Their advice and guidance made this
book possible.
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