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^•Jr?i, ASSEMBLER LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING :H r% ^/r -/ ForIBMand IBM-Compatible Computers ASSEMBLER LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING For IBM and IBM-Compatible Computers c * i7l 1^0. p^t OHfl^ y,3^eA TOTHESTUDENT: AStudyGuideforthetextbookisavailablethrough yourcollegebookstoreunderthetitleStudyGuidetoaccompanyAssembler LanguageProgrammingForIBMandIBM-CompatibleComputersbyHamilton A.Sager.TheStudyGuidecanhelpyouwithcoursematerialbyactingasa tutorial, reviewandstudyaid. IftheStudyGuideisnotinstock,askthe bookstoremanagertoorderacopyforyou. ASSEMBLER LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING For IBM and IBM-Compatible Computers (FORMERLY370/360 ASSEMBLERLANGUAGEPROGRAMMING) NANCYSTERN HofstraUniversity ALDENSAGER NassauCommunityCollege ROBERTA.STERN NassauCommunityCollege JOHNWILEY&SONS NewYork Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore Cover:PaintingbyEdwardA.Burke SeniorDesigner:AnnRenzi CopyEditor:BarbaraHeaney ProductionManager:DavidSmith IllustrationscoordinatedbyVigajesionowski.BlaiseZitoAssociates Copyright®1979,1986byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc. Allrightsreserved.PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada. Reproductionortranslationofanypartof thisworkbeyondthatpermittedbySections 107and108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyright Actwithoutthepermissionofthecopyright ownerisunlawful.Requestsforpermission orfurtherinformationshouldbeaddressedto thePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&.Sons. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData: Stem,NancyB. AssemblerlanguageprogrammingforIBMand IBM-compatiblecomputers. Rev.ed.of:370/360assemblerlanguageprogramming. 1979. Includesindexes. 2.1I.BAMssceommbpluetrerlsa—ngPuargoegr(aCmommipnugt.erIp.rSoaggrera,mAlladnegnu.age) II.Stem,RobertA. III.Stem,NancyB.370/360 assemblerlanguageprogramming. IV.Title. QA76.73.A8S85 1986 005.13'6 85-22763 ISBN0-471-88657-2 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 98765432 10 To FloraBusing JosephPeilman LoiiAnneStem MelanieMaiaStern Preface OBJECTIVES Assemblerlanguageprogrammingisarelativelycomplexprogramminglan- gFouragtehitshratearseoqnuitrheesttehxetbsotoukdsenmttthoislefairenldmaarcehgienneeraalrlcyhiitneacdteuqrueataen.dCsotrmupcututreer. languagebooks,ingeneral,typicallysufferfromareferencemanualapproach, whichconcentratesonrulesratherthanapplications.Thisapproachispartic- ularlydistressinginassemblertextbooksbecausethissubjectrequiresfarmore explanationandillustrationthandootherlanguages. Wehaveabandonedthereferencemanualapproachforasimple,step-by- stepintroductionthatmcludesnumerousexamples,self-tests,andquestions designedtointroducestudentstothekindofapproachtheyneedtoprogram realisticproblemsinthislanguage.Thebookenablesstudentstowritesimple programsveryearlyandingeneral,simplifiesadifficultsubject. Wehaveprovidednumerousprogramswithsampleinputandoutputto illustratenotonlythemechanicsofthelanguagebutalsotheactualoperation ofthecomputer.Similarly,wehaveintegratedmanyproblemsthatemphasize programminglogicratherthanrulesinanefforttoteachthetechniquesof efficientprogrammingaswellasthebasicsofthelanguage. ORGANIZATION Thisbookintegratestheadvantagesofbothareferencemanualandapro- grammedinstructionguide. Theresultisacombinedtextbook-workbook. Complementingtheexplanationsofeachtopicarenumerousquestionsand answers.Inaddition,eachchapterreinforcespreviouslylearnedmaterialwith computer-runillustrationsandself-evaluatingpracticeprogramsthathave sampleinputandoutput. Thestudent will benefitfromthis book'sorganization. The fragmented approachofmanytextsmakesitextremelydifficultforstudentstoimderstand howtoorganizeaprogrameffectively.Theymayunderstandeachindividual instruction,buttherelationshipofeachprogramstepmayremaindifficultto conceptualize.Inanefforttoprovideinsightintotheserelationships,thistext enablesthereadertowritecompleteassemblerlanguageprograms,however simple,afterthefirstfewlessons.Notonlyaresegmentsofprogramsprovided ineachchapter, butatallpointspreviouslearningisreinforcedandinter- relationshipsamongsegmentsareemphasizedbyillustratingprogramsintheir entirety. . STUDENTMARKET Thisbookhasbeenwrittenforthejunior-collegeorfour-yearcollegestudent. It isanticipated that the readerwill have had some previous exposureto computerconcepts.Althoughitisnotessentialthatthereaderbefamiliar withprogrammingconcepts,anunderstandingofthefundamentaloperations ofacomputersystemisnecessary.Thematerialcoveredinanintroductory computercoursewouldnormallybeadequateforthispurpose. ThistextbookhasbeenwrittenprimarilyforIBMandIBM-compatiblecom- putersthatrunDOS,OS,MUSIC,orsomeotheroperatingsystem.ASSISTis alsoexplained. UNIQUEFEATURESOFTHISTEXT 1 PedagogicApproach Wehavenotattemptedtobecomplete.Instead,wepresentmaterialthatcan beeffectivelycoveredinaone-ortwo-semestercollegecourseonassembler language.Moreover,wepresenttheinstructionsthataremostfrequentlyused byprogrammers;approximately60areinstructionsemphasizedthroughout thebook. Aftercompletingthetext,thestudentshouldbeabletocodesimpleand intermediate-levelprograms. In short, assemblerlanguage isintroducedin muchthesamewayasarehigher-levelprogramminglanguagessuchasCOBOL, BASIC,andFORTRAN. Forstudentswhohavehadsomepreviousexposuretoprogramming,this textprovidesanunderstandingofthefundamentaldifferencesbetweenhigh- levelandlow-levelprogramming. Thebookisdividedintounits,eachofwhichrepresentsacohesiveentity. Eachchapterinaunitnotonlypresentsnewdatabutreinforcesprevious concepts.Itbeginswithachapteroutlinethatindicateshowthechapterhas beenorganized.Alistofchapterobjectivesfollows. Therearenumerousself-evaluatingquizzesthroughouteachchapterand onecomprehensivechapterquizattheendofeachchapter.Thesewillassist studentsintestingtheirunderstandingofconcepts;hence,solutionsaresup- plied.Pagenumbersarealsoprovidedwiththesolutionsforthechapterquiz sothatstudentscanmoreeasilyreviewthematerialcoveredbyeachquestion. Acomplete,testedprogramwithsampleinputandoutputisprovidedat theendofeachchaptertoillustratealltheconceptspresentedinthatchapter. Thisprogramreinforcesthetopicsinthecurrentchapteraswellasthosefrom previouschapters. Attheendofeachchapterisalistofkeytermsusedinthatchapter.In addition,allkeytermsusedthroughoutthebookhavebeencompiledinthe glossaryinAppendixA.Alsoattheendofmostchaptersarereviewquestions andprogrammingassignmentstobecoded.Thesemaybeassignedbythe instructorashomework.Achaptersummaryisalsoprovided. 2. BusinessOrientation Fromtheverybeginning,thisbookemphasizessimplifiedbusinessapplica- tions.Itisorganizedsothattheinstructionsmosttypicallyusedforbusiness applicationsappearearlyinthetext.Themovestatement,arithmeticstate- ments, andlogicalstatementsprovidetheframeworkforanentireunitin whichbusinessproblemsareemphasized.Oncestudentshavemasteredthese basicconcepts,weintroducethemorecomplexinstructionformats.