Table Of ContentMachine Learning: Foundations, Methodologies,
and Applications
Teik Toe Teoh
Zheng Rong
Artificial
Intelligence
with Python
Machine Learning: Foundations, Methodologies,
and Applications
SeriesEditors
Kay Chen Tan, Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University,
HongKong,China
DachengTao,UniversityofTechnology,Sydney,Australia
Bookspublishedinthisseriesfocusonthetheoryandcomputationalfoundations,
advanced methodologies and practical applications of machine learning, ideally
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inthefoundations,methodologies,andapplicationsofmachinelearning.
Topicsconsideredincludeallareasofmachinelearning,includingbutnotlimited
to:
• Decisiontree
• Artificialneuralnetworks
• Kernellearning
• Bayesianlearning
• Ensemblemethods
• Dimensionreductionandmetriclearning
• Reinforcementlearning
• Metalearningandlearningtolearn
• Imitationlearning
• Computationallearningtheory
• Probabilisticgraphicalmodels
• Transferlearning
• Multi-viewandmulti-tasklearning
• Graphneuralnetworks
• Generativeadversarialnetworks
• Federatedlearning
This series includes monographs, introductory and advanced textbooks,
and state-of-the-artcollections. Furthermore,it supportsOpen Access publication
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Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/16715
Teik Toe Teoh • Zheng Rong
Artificial Intelligence with
Python
TeikToeTeoh ZhengRong
NanyangBusinessSchool NanyangTechnologicalUniversity
NanyangTechnologicalUniversity Singapore,Singapore
Singapore,Singapore
ISSN2730-9908 ISSN2730-9916 (electronic)
MachineLearning:Foundations,Methodologies,andApplications
ISBN978-981-16-8614-6 ISBN978-981-16-8615-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8615-3
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Preface
This book is a practical guide to Python programming and artificial intelligence,
written by Dr. Teoh Teik Toe. It contains many articles, notes, and lessons learnt
onPythonprogramming,artificialintelligence,anddeeplearningduringDr.Teoh’s
careerasadeeplearningpractitionerandatrustedadvisor.
Dr. Teoh has been pursuing research in big data, deep learning, cybersecurity,
artificial intelligence, machine learning, and software development for more than
25years.Hisworkshavebeenpublishedinmorethan50journals,conferencepro-
ceedings,books,and bookchapters.His qualificationsincludea PhD in computer
engineeringfromtheNTU,DoctorofBusinessAdministrationfromtheUniversity
of Newcastle, Master of Law from the NUS, LLB and LLM from the UoL, and
CFA, ACCA and CIMA. He has more than 15 years’ experience in data mining,
quantitativeanalysis,datastatistics,finance,accounting,andlawandispassionate
about the synergy between business and technology. He believes that artificial
intelligence should be made easy for all to understand and is eager to share his
knowledgeofthefield.
ZhengRongisasoftwareengineerwith4yearsofexperience.Heembracesthe
ambiguityofdataandenjoysthechallengespresentedbybusinessproblems.Hehas
3yearsofteachingexperienceindatamininganddatascience,andcoauthoredthree
journalpublicationsonartificialintelligenceanddeeplearning.Heisinterestedin
makingartificial intelligence programmingand technologyeasy to understandfor
all,includingthosefromanon-technicalbackground.
The field of artificial intelligence is very broad. It focuses on creating systems
capableofexecutingtaskswhichwouldrequiresomeformofhumanintelligence.
In-depth knowledge and understanding of the field is required to be able to
developgoodartificialintelligenceprograms.Theconceptsusedinself-drivingcars
and virtual assistants like Amazon’s Alexa may seem very complex and difficult
to grasp. Entering the field of artificial intelligence and data science can seem
daunting to beginnerswith little to no prior background,especially those with no
programmingexperience.
Throughouthiscareer,Dr.Teohhasdeliveredmanylecturestostudentsfromall
walksoflifeaboutartificialintelligence.Thereweremanystudentswhohadlimited
v
vi Preface
experienceinprogrammingandbeganwithnoknowledgeofartificialintelligence.
However,underhisguidance,theyeventuallygainedconfidenceinwritingtheirown
artificial intelligence programs. Through the materials compiled in this book, he
hopestoempowermorebeginnerswhoareeagertostudyartificialintelligenceand
enrichtheirlearningprocess.Hence,theaimofArtificialIntelligenceinPythonisto
makeAIaccessibleandeasytounderstandforpeoplewithlittletonoprogramming
experiencethroughpracticalexercises. By goingthroughthe materialscoveredin
this book, newcomers will gain the knowledge they need on how to create such
systems,whicharecapableofexecutingtasksthatrequiresomeformofhuman-like
intelligence.
This book will begin by introducingreaders to varioustopics and examplesof
programming in Python, as well as key concepts in artificial intelligence. Python
will be introduced, and programming skills will be imparted as we go along.
Concepts and code snippets will be covered in a step-by-step manner to guide
andinstillconfidenceinbeginners.Complexsubjectsindeeplearningandmachine
learning will be brokendown into easy-to-digestcontent and examples. Basics of
artificialintelligence,suchasclassificationandregression,willbeimpartedtobuild
asolidfoundationforbeginnersbeforemovingtomoreadvancedchapters.Artificial
intelligence implementations will also be shared, allowing beginners to generate
theirownartificialintelligencealgorithmsforreinforcementlearning,styletransfer,
chatbots,andspeechandnaturallanguageprocessing.
Singapore,Singapore TeikToeTeoh
ZhengRong
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge and thank all our families and friends who have
supported us throughoutthis journey, as well as all those who have helped make
thisbookpossible.
Ourtutorialsandcodearecompiledfromvarioussources.Withouttheworkof
the authors in the references, our book would not have been possible. Credits for
Pythoninstallationgoestoquanteconandpdflatex.Thefollowingcodesare
compiledsothatitcanbeaquickguideandreference.
vii
Contents
PartI Python
1 PythonforArtificialIntelligence.......................................... 3
1.1 CommonUses....................................................... 3
1.1.1 RelativePopularity........................................ 4
1.1.2 Features.................................................... 5
1.1.3 SyntaxandDesign ........................................ 5
1.2 ScientificProgramming............................................. 6
1.3 WhyPythonforArtificialIntelligence............................. 6
2 GettingStarted.............................................................. 9
2.1 SettingupYourPythonEnvironment.............................. 9
2.2 Anaconda............................................................ 9
2.2.1 InstallingAnaconda....................................... 10
2.2.2 FurtherInstallationSteps ................................. 10
2.2.3 UpdatingAnaconda....................................... 13
2.3 InstallingPackages.................................................. 14
2.4 VirtualEnvironment................................................ 14
2.5 JupyterNotebooks.................................................. 15
2.5.1 StartingtheJupyterNotebook............................ 15
2.5.2 NotebookBasics .......................................... 17
2.5.3 WorkingwiththeNotebook .............................. 21
2.5.4 SharingNotebooks........................................ 22
3 AnIntroductoryExample ................................................. 27
3.1 Overview............................................................ 27
3.2 TheTask:PlottingaWhiteNoiseProcess......................... 27
3.3 OurFirstProgram................................................... 28
3.3.1 Imports..................................................... 28
3.3.2 ImportingNamesDirectly................................ 30
3.3.3 RandomDraws............................................ 30
ix
x Contents
3.4 AlternativeImplementations ....................................... 31
3.4.1 AVersionwithaforLoop................................ 31
3.4.2 Lists........................................................ 31
3.4.3 TheforLoop............................................... 32
3.4.4 ACommentonIndentation............................... 33
3.4.5 WhileLoops............................................... 34
3.5 AnotherApplication................................................ 34
3.6 Exercises ............................................................ 35
3.6.1 Exercise1.................................................. 35
3.6.2 Exercise2.................................................. 35
3.6.3 Exercise3.................................................. 36
3.6.4 Exercise4.................................................. 36
3.6.5 Exercise5.................................................. 36
3.7 Solutions ............................................................ 37
3.7.1 Exercise1.................................................. 37
3.7.2 Exercise2.................................................. 37
3.7.3 Exercise3.................................................. 38
3.7.4 Exercise4.................................................. 38
3.7.5 Exercise5.................................................. 39
4 BasicPython ................................................................ 41
4.1 Hello,World!........................................................ 42
4.2 Indentation .......................................................... 42
4.3 VariablesandTypes................................................. 43
4.3.1 Numbers................................................... 44
4.3.2 Strings ..................................................... 44
4.3.3 Lists........................................................ 46
4.3.4 Dictionaries................................................ 48
4.4 BasicOperators..................................................... 50
4.4.1 ArithmeticOperators...................................... 50
4.4.2 ListOperators ............................................. 51
4.4.3 StringOperators........................................... 52
4.5 LogicalConditions.................................................. 54
4.6 Loops................................................................ 56
4.7 ListComprehensions ............................................... 57
4.8 ExceptionHandling................................................. 58
4.8.1 Sets......................................................... 60
5 IntermediatePython ....................................................... 63
5.1 Functions............................................................ 64
5.2 ClassesandObjects................................................. 66
5.3 ModulesandPackages.............................................. 69
5.3.1 WritingModules .......................................... 70
5.4 Built-inModules.................................................... 72
5.5 WritingPackages ................................................... 75
