Artificial Intelligence in Neuroscience: Affective Analysis and Health Applications: 9th International Work-Conference on the Interplay Between Natural and Artificial Computation, IWINAC 2022 Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain, May 31 – June 3, 2022 Proce PDF
Preview Artificial Intelligence in Neuroscience: Affective Analysis and Health Applications: 9th International Work-Conference on the Interplay Between Natural and Artificial Computation, IWINAC 2022 Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain, May 31 – June 3, 2022 Proce
José Manuel Ferrández Vicente José Ramón Álvarez-Sánchez Félix de la Paz López Hojjat Adeli (Eds.) Artificial Intelligence 8 5 2 in Neuroscience 3 1 S C N Affective Analysis and Health Applications L 9th International Work-Conference on the Interplay Between Natural and Artificial Computation, IWINAC 2022 Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain, May 31 – June 3, 2022 Proceedings, Part I Lecture Notes in Computer Science 13258 FoundingEditors GerhardGoos KarlsruheInstituteofTechnology,Karlsruhe,Germany JurisHartmanis CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA EditorialBoardMembers ElisaBertino PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN,USA WenGao PekingUniversity,Beijing,China BernhardSteffen TUDortmundUniversity,Dortmund,Germany MotiYung ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NY,USA Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/558 · José Manuel Ferrández Vicente · José Ramón Álvarez-Sánchez · Félix de la Paz López Hojjat Adeli (Eds.) Artificial Intelligence in Neuroscience Affective Analysis and Health Applications 9th International Work-Conference on the Interplay Between Natural and Artificial Computation, IWINAC 2022 Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain, May 31 – June 3, 2022 Proceedings, Part I Editors JoséManuelFerrándezVicente JoséRamónÁlvarez-Sánchez UniversidadPolitécnicadeCartagena UniversidadNacionaldeEducación Cartagena,Spain aDistancia Madrid,Spain FélixdelaPazLópez UniversidadNacionaldeEducación HojjatAdeli aDistancia OhioStateUniversity Madrid,Spain Columbus,OH,USA ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic) LectureNotesinComputerScience ISBN 978-3-031-06241-4 ISBN 978-3-031-06242-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06242-1 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 Chapter“DesignofEducationalScenarioswithBigFootWalkingRobot:ACyber-physicalSystemPerspective toPedagogicalRehabilitation”islicensedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0Interna- tionalLicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Forfurtherdetailsseelicenseinformationinthe chapter. Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynow knownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookare believedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsin publishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface ThemaintopicoftheseIWINAC2022booksisthestudyofintelligentsystemsinspired by the natural world, in particular biology. Several algorithms and methods and their applications are discussed, including evolutionary algorithms. Bio-inspired intelligent systems have thousands of useful applications in fields as diverse as machine learn- ing, biomedicine, control theory, telecommunications, and, why not, music and art. Thesebookscoversboththetheoryandpracticeofbio-inspiredartificialintelligence, along with providing a bit of the basis and inspiration for the different approaches. This is a discipline that strives to develop new computing techniques through observ- inghownaturallyoccurringphenomenabehavetosolvecomplexproblemsinvarious environmental situations. Brain-inspired computation is one of these techniques that covers multiple applications in very different fields. Through the International Work- ConferenceontheInterplaybetweenNaturalandArtificialComputation(IWINAC)we provideaforuminwhichresearchindifferentfieldscanconvergetocreatenewcompu- tationalparadigmsthatareonthefrontierbetweenneuralandbiomedicalsciencesand informationtechnologies. As a multidisciplinary forum, IWINAC is open to any established institutions and researchlaboratoriesactivelyworkinginthefieldofnaturalorneuraltechnologies.But beyond achieving cooperation between different research realms, we wish to actively encouragecooperationwiththeprivatesector,particularlySMEs,asawayofbridging thegapbetweenfrontierscienceandsocietalimpact. In this edition, four main themes outline the conference topics: neuroscience, affectivecomputing,robotics,anddeeplearning. 1) Machinelearningholdsgreatpromiseinthedevelopmentofnewmodelsandtheo- riesinthefieldofneuroscience,inconjunctionwithtraditionalstatisticalhypothesis testing.Machinelearningalgorithmshavethepotentialtorevealinteractions,hid- denpatternsofabnormalactivity,brainstructureandconnectivity,andphysiological mechanisms of the brain and behavior. In addition, several approaches for testing thesignificanceofthemachinelearningoutcomeshavebeensuccessfullyproposed toavoid“thedangersofspuriousfindingsorexplanationsvoidofmechanism”by meansofproperreplication,validation,andhypothesis-drivenconfirmation.There- fore, machine learning can effectively provide relevant information to take great stridestowardunderstandinghowthebrainworks.Themaingoalofthisfieldisto buildabridgebetweentwoscientificcommunities,themachinelearningcommunity, includingleadscientistsindeeplearningandrelatedareaswithinpatternrecognition and artificial intelligence, and the neuroscience community. Artificial intelligence hasbecometheultimatescaletotestthelimitsoftechnologicaladvancesindealing withlifesciencechallengesandneeds.Inthissense,theinterplaybetweennatural andartificialcomputationisexpectedtoplayamostrelevantroleinthediagnosis, monitoring,andtreatmentofneurodegenerativediseases,usingtheadvancedcom- putationalsolutionsprovidedbymachinelearninganddatascience.Thisrequires vi Preface interchangingnewideas,launchingprojectsandcontests,and,eventually,creating aninclusiveknowledge-orientednetworkwiththeaimofempoweringresearchers, practitioners and users of technological solutions for daily life experience in the domains of neuromotor and linguistic competence functional evaluation, clinical explainability, and rehabilitation by interaction with humans, robots, and gaming avatars,notbeingstrictlylimitedtoonlythesebutalsoopentootherrelatedfields. Theuseofmachinelearning-basedprecisionmedicineinmonitoringdailylifeactiv- ityandprovidingwell-beingconditionstoespeciallysensitivesocialsectorsisone ofthemostrelevantobjectives.Casestudydescriptionsinvolvingneurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, fronto-temporal dementia, cerebrovascular damage andstroke,autism,Parkinson’sdisease,amyotrophiclateralsclerosis,multiplescle- rosis, Huntington’s chorea, etc.) are included in the proceedings. Mild cognitive impairment(MCI)isconsideredthestagebetweenthementalchangesthatareseen betweennormalageingandearly-stagesofdementia.Indeed,MCIisoneofthemain indicatorsofincipientAlzheimer’sdisease(AD)amongotherneuropsychological diseases. The growth of these diseases is generating a great interest in the devel- opmentofneweffectivemethodsfortheearlydetectionofMCIbecause,although notreatmentsareknowntocureMCI,thisearlydiagnosiswouldallowearlyinter- ventiontodelaytheeffectsofthediseaseandaccelerateprogresstowardseffective treatmentinitsearlystages.Althoughtherehavebeenmanyyearsofresearch,the early identification of cognitive impairment, as well as the differential diagnosis (todistinguishsignificantcausesortypologiesforitstreatment),areproblemsthat havebeenaddressedfromdifferentanglesbutarestillfarfrombeingsolved.Diverse typesoftestshavealreadybeendeveloped,suchasbiologicalmarkers,magneticres- onanceimaging,andneuropsychologicaltests.Whileeffective,biologicalmarkers andmagneticresonanceimagingareeconomicallyexpensive,invasive,andrequire timetogetaresult,makingthemunsuitableasapopulationscreeningmethod.On theotherhand,neuropsychologicaltestshaveareliabilitycomparabletobiomarker tests,andarecheaperandquickertointerpret. 2) Emotions are essential in human-human communication, cognition, learning, and rational decision-making processes. However, human-machine interfaces (HMIs) are still not able to understand human sentiments and react accordingly. With the aim of endowing HMIs with the emotional intelligence they lack, the science of affectivecomputingfocusesonthedevelopmentofartificialintelligencebymeans oftheanalysisofaffectsandemotions,suchthatsystemsanddevicescouldbeable torecognize,interpret,process,andsimulatehumansentiments. Nowadays,theevaluationofelectrophysiologicalsignalsplaysakeyroleinthe advancementtowardsthatpurposesincetheyareanobjectiverepresentationofthe emotionalstateofanindividual.Hence,theinterestinphysiologicalvariableslike electroencephalograms,electrocardiograms,orelectrodermalactivity,amongmany others, has notably grown in the field of affective states detection. Furthermore, emotions have also been widely identified by means of the assessment of speech characteristicsandfacialgesturesofpeopleunderdifferentsentimentalconditions. It is also worth noting that the development of algorithms for the classification of affectivestatesinsocialmediahasexperiencedanotableincreaseinrecentyears. Inthissense,thelanguageofpostsincludedinsocialnetworks,suchasFacebook Preface vii or Twitter, is evaluated with the aim of detecting the sentiments of the users of thosemediatools.Forthisedition,thethemeofaffectivecomputingandsentiment analysis was intended to be a meeting point for researchers who are interested in anyoftheareasofexpertiserelatedtosentimentanalysis,includingthoseseeking toinitiatetheirstudiesandthosecurrentlyworkingonthesetopics.Hence,papers introducingnewproposalsbasedontheanalysisofphysiologicalmeasures,facial recognition,speechrecognition,ornaturallanguageprocessinginsocialmediaare includedasexamplesofaffectivecomputingandsentimentanalysis. 3) Overthelastdecadetherehasbeenanincreasinginterestinusingmachinelearn- ing, and in the last few years deep learning methods, combined with other vision techniques to create autonomous systems that solve vision problems in different fields.Therefore,aspecialsessionwasorganizedtoserveresearchersanddevelop- erspublishingoriginal,innovative,andstate-of-theartalgorithmsandarchitectures for real-time applications in the areas of computer vision, image processing, bio- metrics,virtualandaugmented reality,neuralnetworks,intelligentinterfaces,and biomimeticobject-visionrecognition. The aim was to provide a platform for academics, developers, and industry- relatedresearchersbelongingtothevastcommunitiesoftheneuralnetwork,com- putationalintelligence,machineLearning,deeplearning,biometrics,visionsystems, and robotics fields to, discuss, share, experience, and explore traditional and new areasofcomputervision,machinelearning,anddeeplearningwhichcanbecom- bined to solve a range of problems. The objective of the session was to integrate thegrowinginternationalcommunityofresearchersworkingontheapplicationof machine learning and deep learning methods in vision and robotics to facilitate a fruitfuldiscussionontheevolutionofthesetechnologiesandthebenefitstosociety. 4) Finally,deeplearninghasmeantabreakthroughintheartificialintelligencecommu- nity.Thebestperformancesattainedsofarinmanyfields,suchascomputervision ornaturallanguageprocessing,havebeenovertakenbythesenovelparadigmstoa pointthatonlytenyearsagowasjustsciencefiction.Inaddition,thistechnologyhas beenopensourcedbythemainIAcompanies;hence,makingitquitestraightforward todesign,train,andintegratedeep-learningbasedsystems.Moreover,theamount ofdataavailableeverydayisnotonlyenormousbutalsogrowingatanexponential rate. In recent years there has been an increasing interest in using machine learn- ing methods to analyse and visualize massive data generated from very different sources and with many different features: social networks, surveillance systems, smart cities, medical diagnosis, business, cyberphysical systems, or media digital data.Thistopicwasselectedtoserveresearchersanddeveloperspublishingorigi- nal,innovative, andstate-of-theartmachinelearningalgorithmsandarchitectures toanalyseandvisualizelargeamountsofdata. Thewiderviewofthecomputationalparadigmgivesusmoreelbowroomtoaccom- modatetheresultsoftheinterplaybetweennatureandcomputation.TheIWINACforum thus becomes a methodological approximation (a set of intentions, questions, experi- ments,models,algorithms,mechanisms,explanationprocedures,andengineeringand computational methods) to the natural and artificial perspectives of the mind embodi- mentproblem,bothinhumansandinartifacts.Thisisthephilosophythatcontinuesin viii Preface IWINACmeetings,theinterplaybetweenthenaturalandtheartificial,andwefacethis same problem every two years, although last year we had to postpone the conference due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This synergistic approach will permit us not only to buildnewcomputationalsystemsbasedonthenaturalmeasurablephenomenabutalso tounderstandmanyoftheobservablebehaviorsinherenttonaturalsystems. Thedifficultyofbuildingbridgesbetweennaturalandartificialcomputationisone of the main motivations for the organization of IWINAC events. The IWINAC 2022 proceedingscontaintheworksselectedbytheScientificCommitteefrommorethan200 submissions,aftertherefereeingprocess.Thefirstvolume,entitledArtificialIntelligence inNeuroscience:AffectiveAnalysisandHealthApplications,includesallthecontribu- tionsmainlyrelatedtonewtoolsforanalyzingneuraldata,ordetectingemotionalstates, orinterfacingwithphysicalsystems.Thesecondvolume,entitledBioinspiredSystems and Applications: from Robotics to Ambient Intelligence, contains the papers related to bioinspired programming strategies and all the contributions oriented to the com- putationalsolutionstoengineeringproblemsindifferentapplicationdomains,suchas biomedicalsystemsorbigdatasolutions. AneventofthenatureofIWINAC2022cannotbeorganizedwithoutthecollabora- tionofagroupofinstitutionsandpeoplewhowewouldliketothanknow,startingwith UNEDandtheUniversidadPolitécnicadeCartagena.ThecollaborationoftheUniversi- daddeLaLaguna(ULL)wascrucial,aswastheefficientworkoftheLocalOrganizing Committee,chairedbyJosefaDortaLuisandPedroGómezVildawiththeclosecollab- orationofCarmenVictoriaMarreroAguilar,(UNED),CarolinaJorgeTrujillo(ULL), andChaxiraxiDíazCabrera(ULL).Inadditiontoouruniversities,wereceivedfinancial supportfromtheUniversidaddeLaLaguna,AyuntamientoPuertodelaCruz,Programa deGruposdeExcelenciadelaFundaciónSéneca,andApliquemMicroones21s.l. WewanttoexpressourgratitudetoourinvitedspeakersHojjatAdeli,fromOhioState University(USA),RafaelRebolo,fromtheInstitutodeAstrofísicadeCanarias(Spain), ManueldeVega,fromtheUniversidaddeLaLaguna(Spain),AthanasiosTsanas,from theUniversityofEdinburgh(UK),andLuisM.Sarro,fromtheUniversidadNacional deEducacionaDistancia(Spain)foracceptingourinvitationandfortheirmagnificent plenarytalks.Wewouldalsoliketothanktheauthorsfortheirinterestinourcalland the effort in preparing the papers, conditio sine qua non for these proceedings. We thank the Scientific and Organizing Committees, in particular the members of these committeeswhoactedaseffectiveandefficientrefereesandaspromotersandmanagers ofpreorganizedsessionsonautonomousandrelevanttopicsundertheIWINACglobal scope.OursinceregratitudegoesalsotoSpringer,forthecontinuousreceptivity,help, andcollaborationinallourjointeditorialventuresontheinterplaybetweenneuroscience andcomputation. Finally, we want to express our special thanks to BCD Travel (formerly Viajes Hispania),ourtechnicalsecretariat,andtoChariGarcía,AnaMaríaGarcía,andJuani Blasco,formakingthismeetingpossible,andforarrangingallthedetailsthatcomprise theorganizationofthiskindofevent. Preface ix WewouldliketodedicatethesetwovolumesoftheIWINACproceedingsinmemory ofProfessorMira. June2022 JoséManuelFerrándezVicente JoséRamónÁlvarez-Sánchez FélixdelaPazLópez HojjatAdeli
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