Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building Technology Rich Learning Contexts that Work PDF
Preview Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building Technology Rich Learning Contexts that Work
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications FAIA covers all aspects of theoretical and applied artificial intelligence research in the form of monographs, doctoral dissertations, textbooks, handbooks and proceedings volumes. The FAIA series contains several sub-series, including “Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases” and “Knowledge-Based Intelligent Engineering Systems”. It also includes the biennial ECAI, the European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, proceedings volumes, and other ECCAI – the European Coordinating Committee on Artificial Intelligence – sponsored publications. An editorial panel of internationally well-known scholars is appointed to provide a high quality selection. Series Editors: J. Breuker, R. Dieng-Kuntz, N. Guarino, J.N. Kok, J. Liu, R. López de Mántaras, R. Mizoguchi, M. Musen and N. Zhong Volume 158 Recently published in this series Vol. 157. B. Goertzel and P. Wang (Eds.), Advances in Artificial General Intelligence: Concepts, Architectures and Algorithms – Proceedings of the AGI Workshop 2006 Vol. 156. R.M. Colomb, Ontology and the Semantic Web Vol. 155. O. Vasilecas et al. (Eds.), Databases and Information Systems IV – Selected Papers from the Seventh International Baltic Conference DB&IS’2006 Vol. 154. M. Duží et al. (Eds.), Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XVIII Vol. 153. Y. Vogiazou, Design for Emergence – Collaborative Social Play with Online and Location-Based Media Vol. 152. T.M. van Engers (Ed.), Legal Knowledge and Information Systems – JURIX 2006: The Nineteenth Annual Conference Vol. 151. R. Mizoguchi et al. (Eds.), Learning by Effective Utilization of Technologies: Facilitating Intercultural Understanding Vol. 150. B. Bennett and C. Fellbaum (Eds.), Formal Ontology in Information Systems – Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference (FOIS 2006) Vol. 149. X.F. Zha and R.J. Howlett (Eds.), Integrated Intelligent Systems for Engineering Design Vol. 148. K. Kersting, An Inductive Logic Programming Approach to Statistical Relational Learning Vol. 147. H. Fujita and M. Mejri (Eds.), New Trends in Software Methodologies, Tools and Techniques – Proceedings of the fifth SoMeT_06 Vol. 146. M. Polit et al. (Eds.), Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Vol. 145. A.J. Knobbe, Multi-Relational Data Mining ISSN 0922-6389 Artificial Intelligence in Education Building Technology Rich Learning Contexts That Work Edited by Rosemary Luckin London Knowledge Lab, Institute of Education, University of London, UK Kenneth R. Koedinger Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA and Jim Greer ARIES Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Canada Amsterdam • Berlin • Oxford • Tokyo • Washington, DC © 2007 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 978-1-58603-764-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007928888 Publisher IOS Press Nieuwe Hemweg 6B 1013 BG Amsterdam Netherlands fax: +31 20 687 0019 e-mail: [email protected] Distributor in the UK and Ireland Distributor in the USA and Canada Gazelle Books Services Ltd. IOS Press, Inc. White Cross Mills 4502 Rachael Manor Drive Hightown Fairfax, VA 22032 Lancaster LA1 4XS USA United Kingdom fax: +1 703 323 3668 fax: +44 1524 63232 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] LEGAL NOTICE The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS Artificial Intelligence in Education v R. Luckin et al. (Eds.) IOS Press, 2007 © 2007 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved. Preface The 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED-2007) is being held July 9–13, 2007, in Los Angeles, California. AIED Conferences are or- ganized by the International AIED Society on a biennial basis. The goal of the Interna- tional Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) Society is to advance knowledge and promote research and development in the field of Artificial Intelligence in Education. AIED is an interdisciplinary community at the frontiers of the fields of computer sci- ence, education and psychology. It promotes rigorous research and development of interactive and adaptive learning environments for learners of all ages, across all do- mains. The society brings together a community of members in the field through the organization of the AIED Conferences, a Journal, and other activities of interest. The AIED conferences are the main International forum for reporting the best international research in the field of AI in Education. The conferences provide the opportunity for the exchange of information and ideas on related research, development and applica- tions. Previous conferences have been held in Kobe, Japan in 1997; Le Mans, France in 1999; San Antonio, USA in 2001; Sydney, Australia in 2003 and Amsterdam, The Netherlands in 2005. Each conference adopts a theme that reflects the interests of the community and its role at the cutting edge of research. The 2007 theme is: Building Technology Rich Learning Contexts that Work. The nature of technology has changed since AIED was conceptualised as a research community and Interactive Learning Environments were initially developed. Technology is smaller, more mobile, networked, pervasive and often ubiquitous as well as being provided by the standard desktop PC. This creates the potential for technology supported learning wherever and whenever learners need and want it. However, in order to take advantage of this potential for greater flexibility we need to understand and model learners and the contexts with which they interact in a manner that enables us to design, deploy and evaluate technology to most effectively support learning across multiple locations, subjects and times. The AIED community has much to contribute to this endeavour. Here are some statistics: Overall, we received 192 submissions for full papers and posters. 60 of these (31%) were accepted and published as full papers, and a further 52 are included here as posters. Full papers each have been allotted 8 pages in the Pro- ceedings; posters have been allotted 3 pages. The conference also includes 2 interactive events, 10 workshops, 5 tutorials, and 16 papers in Young Researcher’s Track. Each of these has been allotted a one-page abstract in the Proceedings; the workshops, tutorials, and YRT papers also have their own Proceedings, provided at the conference itself. Also in the Proceedings are brief abstracts of the talks of the four invited speakers: Roxana Moreno, University of New Mexico Tak-Wai Chan, National Central University of Taiwan Danaë Stanton Fraser, University of Bath in the United Kingdom Gregory Abowd, Georgia Institute of Technology vi For the first time in the AIED conference we instituted a meta-review process. Thanks to our Senior Program Committee members, this change went quite smoothly. We believe that not only was the quality of the reviewing better, but the reviewing process was more rewarding with reviewers able to see their colleagues views and, if needed, discuss differences of opinion. Thanks, also, to the reviewers who were re- cruited by the Senior Program Committee members to help out in this critical task. We would like to thank the many people who helped make the conference possi- ble. Firstly members of Lewis Johnson’s Local Organizing Committee, Jihie Kim, An- dre Valente, Carole Beal and Chad Lane. Our Sponsorhsip chair Art Graesser and Re- becca Campbell, our copy editor. Special thanks to Jim Greer, our AIED Society Presi- dent, who made sure we stayed on schedule. The committees organizing the other events at the conference have helped to make the conference richer and broader. Young Researcher’s Track, chaired by Judith Good and Kaska Porayska-Pomsta; Tutorials, chaired by Roger Azevedo and Carolyn Rosé; and Workshops chaired by Ivon Arroyo and Joe Beck. For those who enjoyed the contributions in this Proceedings, we recommend con- sidering joining the International Society for Artificial Intelligence in Education: http://www.iaied.org. We certainly hope that you all enjoy the AIED-2007 conference. Kenneth R. Koedinger, Carnegie Mellon University, USA Rosemary Luckin, University of London, UK Program Committee Co-Chairs vii Executive Committee of the International AI-ED Society President: Jim Greer, University of Saskatchewan, Canada President Elect: Art Graesser, University of Memphis, USA Secretary/Treasurer: Helen Pain, University of Edinburgh, UK Journal Editor: Paul Brna, University of Glasgow, UK Gerardo Ayala, Puebla University, Mexico Ivon Arroyo, University of Massachusetts, USA Michael Baker, University of Lyon, France Bert Bredeweg, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Susan Bull, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Tak-Wai Chan, National Central University, Taiwan Cristina Conati, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Albert Corbett, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA Ben du Boulay, University of Sussex, UK Claude Frasson, University of Montreal, Canada Ulrich Hoppe, University of Duisburg, Germany Lewis Johnson, University of Southern California, USA Judy Kay, University of Sydney, Australia Chee Kit Looi, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Ken Koedinger, Carnegie Mellon University, USA Rose Luckin, University of Sussex, UK Susan Lajoie, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Antonija Mitrovic, University of Canterbury, New Zealand Riichiro Mizoguchi, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Helen Pain, University of Edinburgh, UK Pierre Tchounikine, University of Le Mans, France Wouter van Joolingen, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands viii Senior Program Committee Esma Aimeur (Canada) Mitsuru Ikeda (Japan) Vincent Aleven (USA) Lewis Johnson (USA) Lora Aroyo (Netherlands) Akihiro Kashihara (Japan) Ivon Arroyo (USA) Judy Kay (Australia) Kevin Ashley (USA) Kenneth R. Koedinger (USA) Roger Azevedo (USA) Susanne Lajoie (Canada) Joe Beck (USA) Chee-Kit Looi (Singapore) Benjamin Bell Rosemary Luckin (UK) Gautam Biswas (USA) Gordon McCalla (Canada) Bert Bredeweg (Netherlands) Erica Melis (Germany) Paul Brna (UK) Antonija Mitrovic (New Zealand) Peter Brusilovsky (USA) Riichiro Mizoguchi (Japan) Susan Bull (UK) Raphael Morales (Mexico) Tak-Wai Chan (Taiwan) Jack Mostow (USA) Yam-San Chee (Singapore) Helen Pain (UK) Cristina Conati (Canada) Ana Paiva (Portugal) Ricardo Conejo (Spain) Kaska Porayska-Pomsta (UK) Albert Corbett (USA) Marta Rosatelli (Brazil) Fiorella de Rosis (Italy) Carolyn Rosé (USA) Vania Dimitrova (UK) Amy Soller (USA) Benedict du Boulay (UK) Akira Takeuchi (Japan) Isabel Fernandez de Castro (Spain) Pierre Tchounikine (France) Claude Frasson (Canada) Wouter van Joolingen (Netherlands) Judith Good (UK) Kurt VanLehn (USA) Arthur Graesser (USA) Julita Vassileva (Canada) Monique Grandbastien (France) Felisa Verdejo (Spain) Jim Greer (Canada) Peter Weimer-Hastings (USA) Neil Heffernan (USA) Beverly Woolf (USA) Ulrich Hoppe (Germany) Kalina Yacef (Australia) ix Additional Reviewers Marie-Hélène Abel Reva Freedman Olivier Motelet Gregory Aist Elena Gaudioso Kasia Muldner Fabio Akhras Dragan Gašević Antoinette Muntjewerff Lisa Anthony Sebastien George William Murray Mohd Anwar Michael Glass Kiyoshi Nakabayashi Ana Arruate Zinan Guo Jean-François Nicaud Eric Atwell Eduardo Guzmán Roger Nkambou Ari Bader-Natal Amanda Harris Toshio Okamoto Ryan Baker Shinobu Hasegawa Kyparisia Papanikolaou Nelson Baloian Yusuke Hayashi Fábio Paraguaçu Tiffany Barnes Pentti Hietala Darren Pearce Evandro Barros Costa Tsukasa Hirashima Jose Perez-de-la-Cruz Beatriz Barros Hilary Holz Diana Perez-Marin Scott Bateman Wong Lung Hsiang Jean-Philippe Pernin Carole Beal Kim Issroff Niels Pinkwart Stephen Blessing G. Tanner Jackson Carlos Pinto Denis Bouhineau Pamela Jordan Sowmya Ramachandran Jacqueline Bourdeau Jelena Jovanovic Leena Razzaq Anders Bouwer Toshinobu Kasai GenaroRebolledo-Mendez Crescencio Bravo Sandra Katz Christophe Reffay Christopher Brooks Yong Se Kim Peter Reimann Andrea Bunt Paul Kirschner Paola Rizzo Charles Callaway Styliany Kleanthous Judy Robertson Rosa M. Carro Tomoko Kojiri MiguelRodriguez-Artacho Alison Cawsey Tatsuhiro Konishi Ido Roll Hao Cen Rob Koper Khalid Rouane Stefano A. Cerri Chad Lane Marguerite Roy Weiqin Chen Fong-Lok Lee Paulo Salles Sherry Chen James Lester Daniel Schwartz Patrick Chipman Jochem Liem Miky Sharples Mark Core Chun Wai Liew Erin Shaw Richard Cox Frank Linton Tim Smith Scotty Craig Diane Litman Sergey Sonovsky Sidney D’Mello Tomasz Loboda Itana Stiubiener Declan Dagger Javier Lopez Pramundi Suraweera Ben Daniel Vanda Luengo Jason Tan Nicolas Delestre Maxim Makatchev Roger Taylor Cyrille Desmoulins Manuel Marques-Pita Josephine Tchetagni Vladan Devedzic Alke Martens Patricia Tedesco Darina Dicheva Brent Martin Monica Trella Toby Dragon Santosh Mathan Evangelos Tirantafillou Aude Dufresne Noboru Matsuda Joshua Underwood Myroslava Dzikovska Manolis Mavrikis Elizabeth Uruchurtu Jon A. Elorriaga Phil McCarthy Lucile Vadcard Mingyu Feng Eva Millan Andre Valente
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