Artificial Intelligence and Its Contexts: Security, Business and Governance

234 Pages·2021·4.538 MB·English

by  Anna Visvizi, Marek Bodziany

Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications
Anna Visvizi
Marek Bodziany   Editors
Artificial
Intelligence
and Its
Contexts
Security, Business and Governance
Advanced Sciences and Technologies
for Security Applications
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AnthonyJ.Masys,AssociateProfessor,DirectorofGlobalDisasterManagement,
HumanitarianAssistanceandHomelandSecurity,UniversityofSouthFlorida,
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Morgantown,WV,USA
ChrisJohnson,UniversityofGlasgow,Glasgow,UK
PanagiotisKarampelas,HellenicAirForceAcademy,Attica,Greece
ChristianLeuprecht,RoyalMilitaryCollegeofCanada,Kingston,ON,Canada
EdwardC.Morse,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA
DavidSkillicorn,Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,ON,Canada
YoshikiYamagata,NationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies,Tsukuba,Ibaraki,
Japan
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·
Anna Visvizi Marek Bodziany
Editors
Artificial Intelligence and Its
Contexts
Security, Business and Governance
Editors
AnnaVisvizi MarekBodziany
SGHWarsawSchoolofEconomics TheGeneralKos´ciuszkoMilitary
Warsaw,Poland UniversityofLandForces
Wrocław,Poland
EffatUniversity
Jeddah,SaudiArabia
ISSN1613-5113 ISSN2363-9466 (electronic)
AdvancedSciencesandTechnologiesforSecurityApplications
ISBN978-3-030-88971-5 ISBN978-3-030-88972-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88972-2
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Preface
Artificial intelligence (AI) represents one of the most important developments of
our times. The scale of possibilities that AI seems to be promising across fields
anddomainsisvast.AndyetthecomplexityofAI,atechnologyafterall,makesit
a subject of both elated expectations and contestation. AI belongs to the group of
conceptsthatwhilebroadlyusedinthedominantdiscourse,remainvaguelyunder-
stood. This applies not only to the mechanisms underlying AI, including artificial
neuralnetworks,unsupervisedmachinelearning,deeplearning,algorithms,etc.,but
alsototheutilizationofAIinourdailylives.ThelimitsofAI’sutilizationremain
unrecognized,andtheconstraintsAI’sdevelopmentfacesarerarelytalkedabout.In
asimilarmanner,alltoofrequently,thediscussiononAIfailstohighlighttherange
oftechnologies,techniques,andapplicationsofwhichAIisapart.Forthisreason,
inthisvolume,acaseforanAIecosystemismade.Viewedinthisway,AIandits
application,aswellastheopportunitiesandrisksthatittriggers,becomeapartof
abroadercontextofthe(existingandemerging)technologiesandnewparadigms.
ThisinturnallowsasoberdiscussiononwhatAIis,whatitisnot,howitisapplied,
and what the contingencies and contentious issues relating to AI are. This is what
thisbookisabout.Clearly,thecontentofthebookdoesnotexhaustthetopic.Never-
theless, it offers a very useful and versatile insight into a range of issues that are
centraltoourunderstandingofAIanditsimpactonoursocieties.
ThisbookwouldnotbepossiblewithoutthePublisherandthePublishingteam,
who, once again, proved to be most kind and most professional. In this context,
our personal ‘thank you’ is extended to Dr. Hisako Niko. We would also like to
expressourgratitudetothereviewerswhoofferedveryusefulinsightsintohowthe
book’scontentcouldbeimproved.Finally,wewouldliketothankthecontributing
authorsfortheirhardworkandpatiencethroughoutthelengthyprocessofediting
thisvolume.
v
vi Preface
WededicatethisbooktothememoryofStanisławLem(1921–2006),writerand
philosopher,whoselucidmindwalkedthepathofhuman–computerinteractionso
muchearlierthanwealldid.
AnnaVisvizi
MarekBodziany
Contents
ArtificialIntelligenceandItsContext:AnIntroduction ............... 1
AnnaVisviziandMarekBodziany
AIforGoodorforWhat?ContentiousIssuesInandAboutAI
ArtificialIntelligence(AI):Explaining,Querying,Demystifying ....... 13
AnnaVisvizi
ATypologyofAIApplicationsinPolitics ............................ 27
HenrikSkaugSætra
Ethical Conditions of the Use of Artificial Intelligence
in the Modern Battlefield—Towards the “Modern Culture
ofKilling” ........................................................ 45
MarekBodziany
SecurityDimensionsofAIApplication
Stratcom&CommunicationCoherenceinthePolishArmedForces .... 65
PiotrSzczepan´ski
AIandMilitaryOperations’Planning ............................... 79
FerencFazekas
AI-SupportedDecision-MakingProcessinMultidomainMilitary
Operations ........................................................ 93
WojciechHoryn´,MarcinBielewicz,andAdamJoks
AI,DecisionMaking,andthePublicSector
ArtificialIntelligenceSystemsintheDecision-MakingProcess ......... 111
MarianKopczewski
vii
viii Contents
Artificial Intelligence and the Public Sector: The Case
ofAccounting ..................................................... 131
GennaroMaioneandGiuliaLeoni
Artificial Intelligence and Local Governments: The Case
ofStrategicPerformanceManagementSystemsandAccountability .... 145
GiuliaLeoni,FrancescoBergamaschi,andGennaroMaione
CaseStudies
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and ICT-Enhanced Solutions
intheActivitiesofPoliceFormationsinPoland ....................... 161
JacekDworzeckiandIzabelaNowicka
TheUnitedStatesofAmerica’sEmbraceofArtificialIntelligence
forDefensePurposes ............................................... 183
MikołajKugler
ARoadmaptoAI:AnInsightfromtheSaudiVision2030 ............. 201
SaadHajBakryandBandarA.Al.Saud
ArtificialIntelligence(AI)andInternationalTrade ................... 225
KatarzynaZ˙ukrowska
Artificial Intelligence and Its Context:
An Introduction
AnnaVisvizi andMarekBodziany
Abstract ConsideringthescopeofnoveltythatAIbringsintopolitics,economics,
and,notably,dailylife,itisimperativethatitisdiscussedfromasmanyperspectives
aspossible.Itisimperativethatitisdiscussedindetail,andthatthedebateonAI
isapproachabletoavarietyofstakeholders.Thischapteroutlinesthemainthemes
andissuesthathavebeendiscussedinchaptersthatconstitutethisvolume,including
thoseasdiverseastheverytechnicalcharacteristicsofAI,AIandpolitics,ethical
questions pertaining to the use of AI in the battlefield, strategic communication
(StratCom), military planning, and management and the decision-making process
in the domains of business and public administration. The intersection of AI and
international trade and national AI strategies from a range of countries around the
globearequeriedtoo.
· · ·
Keywords Artificialintelligence(AI) Ethics&AI Artificialneuralnetworks
·
Deeplearning StratCom
1 Introduction
A certain hype surrounds artificial intelligence (AI): a mixture of elevated hopes
anddoomsdayscenariosastoAI’spossibleimpactonoursocieties.Centraltothe
discussionaretwoissues.Viewedinapositiveway,AIisseenasthesource,almosta
panacea,toallpossibleillsofthecurrentsocio-economicmodelanditsramifications.
Viewedinanegativeway,AIisconsideredasthemajorthreattohumankind.Inthe
latter case, it seems that science fiction literature may be the source of inspiration
for those who spread these scenarios. However, even if computer science research
B
A.Visvizi( )
InstituteofInternationalStudies(ISM),SGHWarsawSchoolofEconomics,Warsaw,Poland
e-mail:[email protected]
EffatCollegeofBusiness,EffatUniversity,Jeddah,SaudiArabia
M.Bodziany
FacultyofSecurityStudies,MilitaryUniversityofLandForces,Wrocław,Poland
e-mail:[email protected]
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021 1
A. Visvizi and M. Bodziany (eds.), Artificial Intelligence and Its Contexts, Advanced
SciencesandTechnologiesforSecurityApplications,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88972-2_1