ART THAT CHANGED THE WORLD ART THAT CHANGED THE WORLD LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI DK LONDON DK INDIA First American Edition, 2013 Senior Art Editor Senior Editor Senior Art Editor Senior Editor Published in the United States by Gadi Farfour Sam Atkinson Anjana Nair Sreshtha Bhattacharya DK Publishing 345 Hudson Street Managing Art Editor Managing Editor Art Editors Editor New York, New York 10014 Karen Self Esther Ripley Supriya Mahajan, Nidhi Suparna Sengupta Mehra, Neha Sharma 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Producer, Pre-Production US Senior Editor Managing Editor Rebekah Parsons-King Rebecca Warren Assistant Art Editors Pakshalika Jayaprakash 001-184794—Sep/2013 Niyati Gosain, Ankita Senior Producer US Editor Production Manager Mukherjee, Gazal Roongta, Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley Limited Gemma Sharpe Kate Johnsen Pankaj Sharma Vidit Vashisht All rights reserved Jacket Designer Publishers Managing Art Editor Laura Brim Laura Buller, Sarah Larter Arunesh Talapatra Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, Jacket Design Art Director no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored Development Manager Phil Ormerod DTP Designers in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, Sophia MTT Syed Md Farhan, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, Associate Publishing Sachin Singh photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior Director written permission of both the copyright owner and Liz Wheeler the above publisher of this book. Publishing Director A catalog record for this book is available from the Jonathan Metcalf Library of Congress. Jacket Editor ISBN: 9781465414359 Manisha Majithia The Stables, Wood Farm, Deopham Road, Attleborough, Norfolk NR17 1AJ DK books are available at special discounts when purchased www.cobaltid.co.uk in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Art Editors Editors Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Paul Reid, Lloyd Tilbury, Marek Walisiewicz, or 8 INTRODUCTION ANCIENT AND RENAISSANCE MEDIEVAL AND MANNERISM 12 PREHISTORIC ART 78 BIRTH OF THE RENAISSANCE 22 EGYPTIAN ART 88 F LOWERING OF THE RENAISSANCE 32 GREEK AND ROMAN ART 100 HIGH RENAISSANCE 42 E ARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE 110 VENETIAN RENAISSANCE 54 THE DARK AGES 120 NORTHERN RENAISSANCE 64 ROMANESQUE AND GOTHIC 132 ITALIAN MANNERISM 142 MANNERISM OUTSIDE ITALY CONTENTS BAROQUE TO THE THE NEOCLASSICISM 19TH CENTURY MODERN AGE 156 ITALIAN BAROQUE 234 ROMANTICISM 312 EXPRESSIONISM 166 F LEMISH AND SPANISH 246 ROMANTIC LANDSCAPE 322 CUBISM BAROQUE 256 PRE-RAPHAELITES 332 BIRTH OF ABSTRACT ART 178 DUTCH BAROQUE 266 REALISM 340 DADA AND SURREALISM 190 FRENCH BAROQUE 276 IMPRESSIONISM 350 ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM 200 FRENCH ROCOCO 288 POST-IMPRESSIONISM 358 POP AND OP ART 210 ROCOCO OUTSIDE FRANCE 298 SYMBOLISM 366 RECENT ABSTRACTION 220 NEOCLASSICISM 374 THE FIGURATIVE TRADITION 384 GLOSSARY 386 INDEX OF ARTISTS 392 GENERAL INDEX 399 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION Art is always evolving. From the moment when prehistoric artists first began to decorate their caves, painters have always looked for fresh ways of portraying the world around them. Sometimes, a solitary genius—a Giotto, a Leonardo, a Picasso—leads the way into uncharted artistic territory. At other times, groups of like-minded painters explore a new style or idea, creating an entire artistic movement. This book traces the full development of the most significant movements, from the earliest sources of inspiration to a supreme masterpiece that is the crowning glory. Beginning with a crucial Turning Point—a painting that shaped the course of the movement or epitomized many of its most distinctive features—a variety of other influences are explored, from a chemist who concocts a brand new pigment, to an archaeologist who unearths a forgotten treasure, or a patron who challenges existing conventions. In a broader sense, social and political events were also influential. The French Revolution inspired both Neoclassical and Romantic painters; the invention of printing increased the flow of ideas during the Renaissance; and the growth of the railways enabled travel to new locations and transformed the way that the Impressionists worked. The pace of change differed sharply from one era to the next. Some aspects of Egyptian art remained unaltered for centuries, while the last few years before World War I were marked by feverish artistic activity. This richly illustrated guide encapsulates each movement, taking the reader on an exhilarating journey through the history of art from its earliest manifestations to the present day.