A rt a n d Technics N u m ber 4 A • b a m p t o n l e c t u r e s in m e r i c a 1951 DELIVERED AT COLUM BIA UNIVERSITY l V\J, i r » "< I - H O W V v » i r. it«» :J :' l - v t f ? * .- r V/V .Vi I. ./' « 1 t ▼k%' * m V U ' -it' » t f nj r - * I i f » • > j *.* /hj A I >Al f 1 W l BI L ! ' I ')-■ V ,IF/ YfZtiWvJ.. I I-1* XH- jfi ' ' IW P* i i* ■ ■,.! , 1 m- r l M7V:'*'. > r|kVt1 ri v - i ... i n . M i * » A 7 » filr iv: >' % u i. n > j i it M- \ ’ i • » k y - l ' ri « 4 -*i If- f < . •:*{, U « t ' u i iT v# >C .- 3 h E F ™ ^ A | C ' ^ * ' J\ 'T ' ' ■," ' r >i r - ‘n - ' ; ^ W ' • -.^ U •' >. M ^ l f l f l C 1 ' ~ I n k J ■ j , ►:■ i _ M i I T 1 ’ T'- < i i f d' ' f - * », 1 ^ * M Vr4k'-«^'' : ^ S ^ Y l - W ‘I 'S ^ ^ P ' IU iJSLfr'SSlJ • > » Y '£ ?*,• pV-W ‘ - '* * " “ * ! ' % • « W * ' - 5 a . ^ : -«T•' . I' V I _ a a 'l h 4 ^ . '4i jV ,f .IV ttd H A 'J> >*1 .» '• ' t f w • •' * v - ’ J i *0 n . t i . w • I. ■ • ' , \ 4 I I i : Sfcf r/ . i ■ i “ i 3 r y #v . A V ‘ ** i •; J ) ^ •<•< ‘' r ** * ^ A ' • v• F ' - ■ * ’ ^ ' * '£ • J l i \ 1 ■"%' i- 'ijir* ■ r r 'W lm » w ' , •. . .. - - S i, ' , . ?■:■'. -V, ;• -t/ I ,!•■• n , v , ’ .. •• ■ -t : r - : ' ' 1 ^ I v ‘, ; X " i Vl' •* * *••'• • ■ 1 : •L„' It-' •Hi. ) t 't i M 1 f j f ' *1 r: p '.'t ■: >■ Vrjf^: 'A fflS li / -tu IF' • M k , y ^ # S > * . i a !• I fl] 1 > 7 ‘ V ' 1.1 i i b i :.i C* r,‘-V' > 'w v'. l i . .1 f«n; ra if, t ^ - t » • f <*> •tk* u Yrr: 1AW,- : i - i v- - :^ / r v — • l 41 - V - . .' 1 ‘ITT1 ,i<;. f ' f \ * ■*■ i V Y i l » I ft. 4 I ¥ * t ▼ Il >!«# 1^ 7 M* , • 6v' - ^ i Yr » - T 4 1 * Lrt 4 ^ < •» / ;. N I I H> • & m r * r J A. >i c a r j l k 4'JL.1- m •j i r i •V « n - ; * < t f r^* ^ Y i K ^ - 1 kn / ri -.f> T C :i. r . 11 >r }J ,t -Vi'. • 4 -r-* % 1 * k V i-' rttl r, r t h <> *' i A: ii'i /- ■fi r 1.1 n t . ■jii • CJ j.-* u l VII - 1 tt: 4 - U l : i % A 1 rs(! r I '1 <• v . n v -in*#! Jll i. i“ v 1 • ■ f.|Jluit ; I,>11 Lk « 4. tl ^4*ik rl r±Jt< *■ ■ ’ . A- t Y* i /* *\ t J A 4 \ - I ■J . iSJ. N 7 4 4 5 M88 1895- M u m f o r d i L e w i s * Art and t e c h n i c s L E W I S MUMF ORD N E W Y O R K 1 9 5 2 C O L U M B IA U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S LlbhAHY B A L D W IN -W A L LA C E C O L L E G E BEREA, OHIO 1952 COPYRIGH T CO LUM BIA U N IVERSITY PRESS, N EW YORK M ANUFACTURED IN TH E U N ITED STA TES O F A M ERICA the inevitable omission of spontaneous in E x c e p t f o r terpolations, these lectures now come forth in the form they were originally delivered. They were written for the speaking voice, and though this form would prove trying, no doubt, in a lengthier discourse, it seemed to me that in such brief compass as this book, the lectures would lose more than they would gain by being put into the more incisive style of written prose. I have made some slight omissions and amplifications in the lecture on architecture; but these cause no change of meaning. To those who were present at the lectures, I take this occasion to give my thanks once more for their cheerful patience and responsive participation. L. M . Contents 3 ART AND TH E SYM BO L 33 TH E TOOL AND TH E O BJECT 59 FRO M HANDICRAFT TO MACHINE ART 85 STANDARDIZATION, REPRODUCTION, AND CHOICE 111 SYM BOL AND FUNCTION IN ARCHITECTURE 136 ART, TECHNICS, AND CULTURAL INTEGRATION ) • V.-U t S r t T * j y. * f *4 f t * IV ;k i j * . < *■ ■ < y * 4. ’? *« * f 4 A »/ i A » •I < ’- «Y p ~': Y i 1^- • V y M « * t o ? * ' - i i . i « . ^ ' f * i > , • w i : ■ .-.£ * * W . ^ 1 ; '- :>^ ,+** ‘r.* > v II i i % - • # . ? - , ! r < t r ' : ' - i V . • • • ' • ’ ' ‘ . ■ ' ■ • ^ ‘ l \ J l »' r .1 t e v f r o f t T u r i b K * } M i ■ : V 1 r' » » L j > ; n p i .. i : ; M . . v a «i ♦i 1 r- •’ • f i ^1 C'iV*-' • ‘ '• i': : - l M V . ‘^i i>.i , ^ 1; ,.TTir ^’Vji < •'* I ’ . - ' ’' 1 1'. . v ' ' - , *♦> I I i 4 • ,‘v A ' O ^ ' '• ’ r» 1 1 - r / „ T #• r , r •■ '• ■ I V U ...» r.‘ i ■ ~ . * v .i >• i ' T . , ‘ * \ « ,*■ ■» firt". .- / , , « i % 4 \,j '*> ' y < i - ■’-* ■ J w i . i. • t. i 'S # 1',"';v ’i r & A r v *. i i -1 • ■ ; . : » < • ■ . . V v W w - . . ’ > \ . . “ - v • ri .1 i b4 ,» r * * ± " 5 a :«. ► fjbi »$> f e .,*< '■: ' H i % i » * ' % ~ i VI , t • ■(■■ ’A > 1 5 * k ; T . * 4 i* . v V A ' IT .■ j ^ > . r»* ft k I 1 'if A <V •• •kL A J . a ^ | j !| > J W> w;:^ ’ f & w " ' n ^ '■- ", :■ V M •K . f -. ■ - a i y v « <: ^ ? H ^ ' d jyJ « - : > ‘ V «• • ?-i ■ ■ HI •; ; . » ■ ■ / | W v . • ^ - i-t^ y 7J jjj rAi w * W V 4 . v j ^ e. - * w 4 » • • •' . . * ; < v £ ‘ * • • • ’<1 . i • j . . - V A i t e S S ' i , : *\ »•-f j j k ^ C f e • ~• ' i ‘ ^ in u B iG S i ' ^ “ * V ‘ " t ■ ■ ,*i L*. « ^4^'y;' iVT:'*A ^ y . ' T M i 1" 1 1 . -J'. a J V / 'f X # \ V 1 av..?jp : n ' \ ' - V J kl V ' l 4- r 4 MR 4 ?T 7. ! - t f . ® * * - v ' * , . t W AJ e E- !• * I V I I' T? V". j i 11^3 iA-4 V. 4 , t K • V i - v %>'Hi i IT, 4 . i \ rt, • > 4 z A »> l! C l* ■i ' !■ ' • V < ♦ 2 /• -* '* ■ , i ‘/.wiLrA lr !5 l i r 4 i * ’ t . 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