Armour: Materials, Theory, and Design

380 Pages·2015·32.73 MB·English

by  Hazell, Paul J.

MILITARY TECHNOLOGY
AR MOUR
Hazell
ARMOUR Materials, Theory,
and Design
Materials, Theor y,
Highlights Recent Advances in Materials/Armour Technology
and Design
As long as conflict exists in the world, protection technologies will always be in
demand. Armour: Materials, Theory, and Design describes the existing and
emerging protection technologies that are currently driving the latest advances in A
armour systems. This book explains the theory, applications, and material science
R
aspects of modern amour design as they are used in relation to vehicles, ships,
M
personnel, and buildings, and explores the science and technology used to provide
protection against blasts and ballistic attacks. It covers materials technologies used in O
protection; addresses the system effects of adding blast-wave shaping to vehicles, as
U
well as the effect on the human body; and outlines ballistic testing techniques.
R
Takes a Look at How Armour Works
The book discusses ceramics for armour applications; transparent armour; and metals
for armour applications (including aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, titanium alloys
and steels); as well as composite armour systems; explosive reactive armour systems
with reference to defensive and suite for vehicles; and wound ballistics. In addition,
the author lists more than 100 references for advanced study and further reading.
Armour: Materials, Theory, and Design introduces a variety of armour
technologies, outlines modern threats and dangers applicable to protection technology,
and aids readers in implementing protective structures that can be used in battle,
conflict, military zones, and other related environments.
Paul J. Hazell
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K23217_cover.indd 1 6/5/15 10:15 AM

Materials, Theory,
and Design

Materials, Theory,
and Design
Paul J. Hazell
The University of New South Wales
Canberra, Australia
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20150604
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Dedicated to all the brave men and women of the military services
who risk their lives in the defence of their nation.
One who puts on his armour should not boast like one who takes it off.
1 Kings 20 v 11 (NIV)
Contents
Preface ...................................................................................................................xiii
Author .....................................................................................................................xv
1. Introduction .....................................................................................................1
1.1 Survivability and Onions ....................................................................2
1.2 Some Basic Concepts ............................................................................3
1.3 The Disposition of Armour .................................................................4
1.4 Early Applications .................................................................................6
1.4.1 Personal Protection ..................................................................6
1.4.2 Vehicle Armour ........................................................................7
1.4.3 Aircraft Armour .......................................................................8
1.4.4 Ship Armour .............................................................................8
1.4.5 Fortifications ...........................................................................10
1.5 Early Empirical Models of Penetration ............................................11
1.6 Summary ..............................................................................................14
2. An Introduction to Materials .....................................................................15
2.1 Introduction .........................................................................................15
2.2 A Quick Introduction to the Structure of Materials ......................15
2.2.1 Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation ...................................16
2.3 Stress and Strain ..................................................................................17
2.4 Elasticity ...............................................................................................21
2.5 Strength ................................................................................................24
2.6 Hardness ..............................................................................................30
2.7 Dynamic Behaviour of Materials ......................................................32
2.7.1 Charpy Impact Test ...............................................................36
2.7.2 Instrumented Drop Tower Test ............................................37
2.7.3 Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar Test ......................................37
2.7.4 Taylor Test ...............................................................................38
2.7.4.1 Introductory Concepts ...........................................39
2.7.4.2 Approximate Formula for Estimating the
Yield Point ...............................................................40
2.7.5 Dynamic Extrusion Test........................................................45
2.7.6 Flyer-Plate Test .......................................................................45
2.8 Summary ..............................................................................................47
3. Bullets, Blast, Jets and Fragments .............................................................49
3.1 Introduction .........................................................................................49
3.2 Small-Arms Ammunition ..................................................................49
vii
viii Contents
3.2.1 Bullet Notation .......................................................................50
3.2.2 Penetrability ............................................................................51
3.2.3 The Effect of the Bullet’s Jacket during Penetration .........53
3.3 Higher-Calibre KE Rounds ...............................................................54
3.4 Explosive Materials .............................................................................55
3.4.1 Blast ..........................................................................................57
3.4.2 Blast Wave Parameters ..........................................................58
3.4.3 Blast Scaling Laws .................................................................60
3.4.4 Predicting Blast Loading on Structures .............................62
3.4.5 Underwater Blasts ..................................................................64
3.4.6 Buried Mines and IEDs .........................................................66
3.5 Shaped-Charge ....................................................................................68
3.5.1 Penetration Prediction ...........................................................69
3.5.2 Jet Formation ..........................................................................71
3.6 Explosively Formed Projectiles .........................................................74
3.7 High-Explosive Squash Head ............................................................76
3.8 Fragments .............................................................................................77
3.8.1 Gurney Analysis to Predict Fragment Velocity .................79
3.8.2 Drag on Fragments and Other Projectiles ..........................83
3.8.3 Fragment Penetration ............................................................87
3.9 Summary ..............................................................................................90
4. Penetration Mechanics ................................................................................91
4.1 Introduction .........................................................................................91
4.2 Failure Mechanisms ...........................................................................91
4.3 Penetration Analysis ...........................................................................92
4.3.1 Penetration into Thick Plates................................................96
4.3.1.1 Recht Penetration Formula ...................................97
4.3.1.2 Forrestal Penetration Formula ............................102
4.3.2 Penetration of Thin Plates ...................................................109
4.3.2.1 The Effect of Projectile Shape on
Penetration. ......................................................109
4.3.2.2 Penetration of Thin Plates by Blunt-Nosed
Projectiles ..............................................................110
4.3.2.3 Penetration of Thin Plates by Sharp-Nosed
Projectiles ..............................................................112
4.3.3 Introducing Obliquity .........................................................114
4.4 Hydrodynamic Penetration .............................................................117
4.4.1 Fluid Jet Penetration Model ................................................119
4.4.2 Improvements on the Fluid Jet Penetration Model .........124
4.4.3 Segmented Penetrators ........................................................133
4.5 A Brief Look at Computational Approaches .................................134
4.5.1 Types ......................................................................................134
4.6 Summary ............................................................................................136