ARM assembly language : fundamentals and techniques

448 Pages·2009·3.91 MB·English

by  William Hohl

Computer Science and Engineering Hohl
Hinds
“Assembly language programming is still the best way to learn about the A
internals of processors and this is one of a very few books that teaches that
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skill for ARM® processors. It covers the necessary material in a well-organized
manner. Updated for newer versions of ARM processors, it adds good material M
on floating-point arithmetic that was missing from the first edition.”
—Ronald W. Mehler, California State University, Northridge, USA

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“This text retains the ease of using the ARM7TDMI while moving the
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student [or reader] into the more capable Cortex-M4. …The addition of the uS
Cortex-M4 makes this a much stronger text.” n
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—Ralph Tanner, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, USA d
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Delivering a solid introduction to assembly language and embedded
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systems, ARM Assembly Language: Fundamentals and Techniques, Second
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Edition continues to support the popular ARM7TDMI, but also addresses the t
latest architectures from ARM, including Cortex™-A, Cortex-R, and Cortex-M aB
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processors—all of which have slightly different instruction sets, programmer’s aL
models, and exception handling.
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Featuring three brand-new chapters, a new appendix, and expanded
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coverage of the ARM7™, this edition: e
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• Discusses IEEE 754 floating-point arithmetic and explains how to
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program with the IEEE standard notation iN
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• Contains step-by-step directions for the use of Keil™ MDK-ARM and eG
Texas Instruments (TI) Code Composer Studio™ s
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• Provides a resource to be used alongside a variety of hardware
evaluation modules, such as TI’s Tiva Launchpad, STMicroelectronics’ A
iNemo and Discovery, and NXP Semiconductors’ Xplorer boards
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Written by experienced ARM processor designers, ARM Assembly
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Language: Fundamentals and Techniques, Second Edition covers the
topics essential to writing meaningful assembly programs, making it an ideal
textbook and professional reference.
SECOND
EDITION
K22631
ISBN: 978-1-4822-2985-1
90000
9 781482229851
K22631_COVER_final.indd 1 9/12/14 3:07 PM

S E C O N D E D I T I O N
ARM ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE
Fundamentals and Techniques

S E C O N D E D I T I O N
ARM ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE
Fundamentals and Techniques
William Hohl
Christopher Hinds
ARM, Inc., Austin, Texas
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2015 by William Hohl and Christopher Hinds
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20140915
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-2986-8 (eBook - PDF)
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To our families

Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................xv
Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................xxi
Authors .................................................................................................................xxiii
Chapter 1 An Overview of Computing Systems ...................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
1.2 History of RISC .........................................................................3
1.2.1 ARM Begins ................................................................5
1.2.2 The Creation of ARM Ltd. ...........................................7
1.2.3 ARM Today ..................................................................9
1.2.4 The Cortex Family .....................................................10
1.2.4.1 The Cortex-A and Cortex-R Families .........10
1.2.4.2 The Cortex-M Family .................................11
1.3 The Computing Device ............................................................12
1.4 Number Systems ......................................................................15
1.5 Representations of Numbers and Characters ..........................18
1.5.1 Integer Representations ..............................................18
1.5.2 Floating-Point Representations ..................................21
1.5.3 Character Representations ..........................................23
1.6 Translating Bits to Commands ................................................24
1.7 The Tools .................................................................................25
1.7.1 Open Source Tools .....................................................27
1.7.2 Keil (ARM) ................................................................27
1.7.3 Code Composer Studio ...............................................28
1.7.4 Useful Documentation ................................................30
1.8 Exercises ..................................................................................30
Chapter 2 The Programmer’s Model ..................................................................33
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................33
2.2 Data Types ...............................................................................33
2.3 ARM7TDMI ...........................................................................34
2.3.1 Processor Modes ........................................................34
2.3.2 Registers .....................................................................35
2.3.3 The Vector Table ........................................................38
2.4 Cortex-M4 ................................................................................39
2.4.1 Processor Modes ........................................................40
2.4.2 Registers .....................................................................40
2.4.3 The Vector Table ........................................................42
2.5 Exercises ..................................................................................43
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 3 Introduction to Instruction Sets: v4T and v7-M .................................45
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................45
3.2 ARM, Thumb, and Thumb-2 Instructions ..............................46
3.3 Program 1: Shifting Data.........................................................46
3.3.1 Running the Code .......................................................47
3.3.2 Examining Register and Memory Contents ...............49
3.4 Program 2: Factorial Calculation ............................................51
3.5 Program 3: Swapping Register Contents .................................53
3.6 Program 4: Playing with Floating-Point Numbers ..................54
3.7 Program 5: Moving Values between Integer and Floating-
Point Registers .........................................................................55
3.8 Programming Guidelines ........................................................56
3.9 Exercises ..................................................................................57
Chapter 4 Assembler Rules and Directives .........................................................59
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................59
4.2 Structure of Assembly Language Modules .............................59
4.3 Predefined Register Names .....................................................63
4.4 Frequently Used Directives .....................................................63
4.4.1 Defining a Block of Data or Code ..............................63
4.4.1.1 Keil Tools ....................................................64
4.4.1.2 Code Composer Studio Tools .....................65
4.4.2 Register Name Definition ...........................................66
4.4.2.1 Keil Tools ....................................................66
4.4.2.2 Code Composer Studio ...............................66
4.4.3 Equating a Symbol to a Numeric Constant ................66
4.4.3.1 Keil Tools ....................................................67
4.4.3.2 Code Composer Studio ...............................67
4.4.4 Declaring an Entry Point ............................................67
4.4.5 Allocating Memory and Specifying Contents ...........68
4.4.5.1 Keil Tools ....................................................68
4.4.5.2 Code Composer Studio ...............................69
4.4.6 Aligning Data or Code to Appropriate Boundaries ......70
4.4.6.1 Keil Tools ....................................................70
4.4.6.2 Code Composer Studio ...............................71
4.4.7 Reserving a Block of Memory ...................................71
4.4.7.1 Keil Tools ....................................................71
4.4.7.2 Code Composer Studio ...............................71
4.4.8 Assigning Literal Pool Origins ..................................72
4.4.9 Ending a Source File ..................................................72
4.5 Macros .....................................................................................73
4.6 Miscellaneous Assembler Features .........................................74
4.6.1 Assembler Operators ..................................................74
4.6.2 Math Functions in CCS ..............................................76
4.7 Exercises ..................................................................................77