Argument Encoding in Japanese Conversation

301 Pages·2005·1.07 MB·English

by  Mitsuaki Shimojo (auth.)

Argument Encoding in Japanese Conversation
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Argument Encoding in
Japanese Conversation
Mitsuaki Shimojo
© Mitsuaki Shimojo 2005
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2005 978-1-4039-3705-6
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work in accordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2005 by
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ISBN 978-1-349-51901-9 ISBN 978-0-230-50538-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230505384
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Shimojo,Mitsuaki,1966–
Argument encoding in Japanese conversation / Mitsuaki Shimojo.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Japanese language – Discourse analysis. 2. Conversation
analysis – Japan. I. Title.
PL640.5.S56 2004
495.6¢0141–dc22
2004052324
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
Contents
List of Tables vii
Acknowledgements xi
Notes on Transcriptions xii
List of Abbreviations xiv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Four argument types and six encoding types 2
1.2 Saliency, activation, and attention 14
1.3 Episodic memory and mental processing
instructions 18
1.4 Saliency and subject 20
2 Previous Studies on the Six Argument
Encoding Types 24
2.1 Wa and ga: a contrast in pragmatic focus 24
2.2 Zero anaphor, ga, and wa: referential progression 26
2.3 Contrastive wa 28
2.4 Wa for nonsubjects 32
2.5 Grammatical properties of wa 34
2.6 Grammatical properties of the zero particle 37
2.7 Syntactic and semantic factors in zero particle use 39
2.8 Functional properties of the zero particle 41
2.9 Functional properties of o 45
2.10 Ga and o: the split case marking 50
2.11 Post-predicative encoding 51
2.12 Summary 54
3 Conversational Japanese Data 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Identification of arguments 59
3.3 Overview of tokens 63
3.4 Saliency and argument types 68
4 Anaphoric Saliency 71
4.1 Referential distance measurement 71
4.2 Anaphoric saliency and argument types 74
4.3 Anaphoric saliency and encoding types 75
v
vi Contents
5 Cataphoric Saliency 98
5.1 Referential persistence measurement 98
5.2 Cataphoric saliency and argument types 101
5.3 Cataphoric saliency and encoding types 105
5.4 Cataphoric frequency of reference and persistence 114
5.5 Encoding types in persistence chains 116
6 The Six Argument Encoding Types as a System 126
6.1 Saliency and argument types – summary 126
6.2 Zero anaphor and ga/o 128
6.3 Wa and the zero particle 172
6.4 Post-predicative encoding 202
6.5 The argument encoding system 226
6.6 The encoding types as mental processing
instructions 234
7 Post-predicative Encoding: Comprehension-based
Claims Revisited 242
7.1 Important/urgent information first 243
7.2 Scrambling: the production-based view 245
7.3 Post-predicative arguments in the
conversation data 248
7.4 Relative prominence of structure 255
8 Conclusions 258
Appendix: Acceptability Judgment Task for
Nominative/Accusative N2 Tokens 262
Notes 271
References 276
Index 283
List of Tables
1.1 N1–N2 predicates in the conversation data 8
1.2 The four encoding types and six NP categories 10
1.3 Post-predicative elements in terms of constituent types 13
1.4 The possible encoding types for each argument type 14
2.1 Referential distance for zero anaphor, wa, and ga in
written narratives from grade school texts 26
2.2 Types of locally contrastive wa uses 30
2.3 Both members of a contrastive pair in Japanese folktales 32
3.1 List of participants for the conversation recording 56
3.2 All tokens by encoding/argument types 64
3.3 Post-predicative tokens by encoding/argument types 66
3.4 Speaker/hearer referents by encoding types 66
3.5 Speaker/hearer referents by encoding types (simplified) 67
3.6 Speaker/hearer referents by encoding types –
post-predicative arguments only 67
3.7 Complex NPs by encoding types (including
post-predicative tokens) 68
3.8 Complex NPs by encoding types – post-predicative
arguments only 68
3.9 Zero anaphor by subject/N1 and object/N2 69
3.10 Speaker/hearer referents by argument types 69
3.11 Speaker and hearer referents by subject/N1 and
object/N2 70
4.1 The four argument types in terms of RD 74
4.2 Subject/N1 and object/N2 in terms of RD 75
4.3 Zero anaphor in terms of the RD of subject (vertical
axis) and open proposition (horizontal axis) 76
4.4 Pre-predicative zero particle in terms of the RD of subject
(vertical axis) and open proposition (horizontal axis) 77
4.5 Pre-predicative wa in terms of the RD of subject
(vertical axis) and open proposition (horizontal axis) 78
4.6 Pre-predicative ga in terms of the RD of subject
(vertical axis) and open proposition (horizontal axis) 79
4.7 Post-predicative zero particle, wa, and ga in terms of
the RD of subject (vertical axis) and open proposition
(horizontal axis) 80
vii
viii List of Tables
4.8 Subject encoding types in terms of RD 1–10/11–NPM of
open propositions 81
4.9 Argument-focus in terms of the encoding types 81
4.10 Encoding types in terms of RD 1–10/11–NPM of subjects 83
4.11 Zero anaphor in terms of the RD of N1 (vertical axis)
and open proposition (horizontal axis) 85
4.12 Pre-predicative zero particle in terms of the RD of N1
(vertical axis) and open proposition (horizontal axis) 86
4.13 Pre-predicative wa in terms of the RD of N1 (vertical
axis) and open proposition (horizontal axis) 87
4.14 Post-predicative wa and zero particle in terms of the
RD of N1 (vertical axis) and open proposition
(horizontal axis) 88
4.15 N1 encoding types in terms of RD 1–10/11–NPM of
open propositions 89
4.16 N1 encoding types in terms of RD 1–10/11–NPM of N1 89
4.17 N1 encoding types in terms of RD 1–10/11–NPM of N1
(speaker/hearer referents excluded) 89
4.18 The five object encoding types in terms of RD 90
4.19 The five object encoding types in terms of RD (1–10,
11–NPM) 91
4.20 The six N2 encoding types in terms of RD 92
4.21 The six N2 encoding types in terms of RD (1–10,
11–NPM) 92
4.22 The three post-predicative encoding types in terms
of RD 93
4.23 Pre- and post-predicative tokens for the zero particle,
wa, ga in terms of RD 94
4.24 The six encoding types in terms of RD 96
4.25 The six encoding types in terms of RD 1–10 and
11–NPM 97
5.1 The four argument types in terms of RP-f 102
5.2 S/N1 and O/N2 in terms of RP-f 102
5.3 The four argument types in terms of RP 103
5.4 S/N1 and O/N2 in terms of RP 104
5.5 The six encoding types in terms of RP-f 106
5.6 The subject encoding types in terms of RP 107
5.7 The N1 encoding types in terms of RP 108
5.8 The object encoding types in terms of RP 109
5.9 The N2 encoding types in terms of RP 109
5.10 The post-predicative encoding types in terms of RP 110
List of Tables ix
5.11 Pre- and post-predicative tokens for wa, ga, zero
particle in terms of RP 112
5.12 The six encoding types in terms of RP 113
5.13 Mean RP-f and RP for encoding types 114
5.14 Zero anaphor by referent type/RP 115
5.15 O, wa, zero anaphor in terms of RP, excluding
speaker/hearer referents 116
5.16 Zero anaphor by referent type/RD 117
5.17 The six encoding types in terms of chain-internal/final
positions 118
5.18 Post-predicative encoding in terms of chain-internal/
final positions 118
6.1 The argument encoding types in terms of the two
saliency indices 127
6.2 The functional classification of the six encoding types 127
6.3 Zero anaphor, o, and ga in terms of RD 128
6.4 Zero anaphor tokens of RD 11–NPM in terms of the
referent types 131
6.5 Speaker/hearer referents in terms of RP-f 133
6.6 Ga/o-marked referents for RD 1 through 10 141
6.7 N2 tokens rated at acceptability of 2.5 or greater for
cross-case marking 160
6.8 Types of locally contrastive wa uses 173
6.9 Wa and zero particle in terms of three indices of
contrastiveness 180
6.10 Wa and zero particle in terms of direct contrastiveness 181
6.11 The judgment types associated with the three encoding
types 185
6.12(a) Wa in terms of judgment types and contrastiveness 186
6.12(b) Zero particle (subject) in terms of judgment types and
contrastiveness 186
6.13 RP-f for zero particle and wa in terms of contrastiveness 187
6.14 RP for zero particle and wa in terms of contrastiveness 188
6.15 Post-predicative tokens in terms of post-nominal
encoding 203
6.16 Argument encoding types and anaphoric/cataphoric
saliency 203
6.17 Pre- and post-predicative tokens for wa, ga, zero particle
in terms of RD 205
6.18 Pre- and post-predicative tokens for wa, ga, zero particle
in terms of RP 207