Architecture Planning Built Environment Studies The

136 Pages·2013·7.43 MB·English

ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961
ISSN - United States (Online) 1938-7806
OCLC & World Cat # 145980807
Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183
International Journal of Architectural Research
An international fully refereed journal published three times a year
http://www.archnet.org http://www.archnetijaronline.org
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ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961
ISSN - United States (Online) 1938-7806
OCLC & World Cat # 145980807
Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183
International Journal of Architectural Research
An international fully refereed journal published three times a year
http://www.archnet.org http://www.archnetijaronline.org
Archived and Architecture
Indexed by
Planning
Archnet
Built Environment Studies
Avery Index to
Architectural Volume (7) - Issue (2) - July 2013
Periodicals
DOAJ-Directory
of Open Access Chief Editor
Journals Ashraf M. Salama
EBSCO Current Collaborating Editor
Abstracts-Art and
Remah Y. Gharib
Architecture
Elsevier SCOPUS
Includes
Intute Arts and - Regular Refereed Papers
Humanities - Selected Papers from CAUMME International Symposium
on Contemporary Architecture and Urbanism in the
ProQuest Mediterranean and the Middle East
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Copyright © 2013 Archnet-IJAR, Archnet, MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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sive online community for architects, planners, urban designers, interior de-
signers, landscape architects, and scholars working in these fields, developed
at the MIT School of Architecture and Planning in close cooperation with, and
with the full support of The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, an agency of the Aga
Khan Development Network.
Copyright Permission
Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)
Users are free to copy, distribute, or display the work for non-commercial purposes only, but must
credit the copyright holder (author, photographer, etc.). Derivatives are not permitted.
ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961
ISSN - United States (Online) 1938-7806
OCLC & World Cat # 145980807
Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183
International Journal of Architectural Research
An international fully refereed journal published three times a year
http://www.archnet.org http://www.archnetijaronline.org
Architecture
Planning
Built Environment Studies
Volume (7) - Issue (2) - July 2013
Chief Editor
Ashraf M. Salama
Collaborating Editor
Remah Y. Gharib
Advisory Board
Attilio Petruccioli, Besim S. Hakim, Hashim Sarkis,
Henry Sanoff, Jamel Akbar, Michael J. Crosbie,
Mohamad Al-Asad, Nasser Rabbat, Nicholas
Wilkinson, Nikos A. Salingaros, Peter Rowe, Suha
Ozkan.
Editorial Board
Ahmed Elseragy, Akhtar Chauhan, Aleya Abel-
Hadi, Ali Cengizkan, Amer Moustafa, Amira Elnokaly,
Anne Beamish, Budi Sukada, Chengzhi Peng, Dalila
Al-Kerdani, Donatella Mazzoleni, Ebru Cubukcu,
Eman El-Nachar, Fuad Mallick, Hisham Elkadi, Hulya
Turgut, Ihab Elzeyadi, M. Alaa Mandour, Malika Bose,
Magda Sibley, Mashary Al-Naim, Mirjana Lozanovska,
Nada Al Nafea, Peter Kellett, Rabee Reffat, Sonja
Nebel, Yasser El-Shehstawy, Yasser Mahgoub.
Copyright © 2013 Archnet-IJAR, Archnet, MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961
ISSN - United States (Online) 1938-7806
OCLC & World Cat # 145980807
Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183
International Journal of Architectural Research
An international refereed journal published three times a year
http://www.archnet.org http://www.archnetijaronline.org/
ArchNet International Journal of Architectural tectural technology and sustainable design; design
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Copyright © 2013 Archnet-IJAR, MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961
ISSN - United States (Online) 1938-7806
OCLC & World Cat # 145980807
Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183
International Journal of Architectural Research
An international refereed journal published three times a year
http://www.archnet.org http://www.archnetijaronline.org/
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Copyright © 2013 Archnet-IJAR, MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961
ISSN - United States (Online) 1938-7806
OCLC & World Cat # 145980807
Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183
International Journal of Architectural Research
An international fully refereed journal published three times a year
http://www.archnet.org http://www.archnetijaronline.org
Volume (7) - Issue (2) - July 2013
Contents
Regular Papers
POST OCCUPANCY EVALUATION OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT BUILDINGS IN TROPICAL CLIMATES –
MALAYSIA (8/21)
Ban-Huat Ng and Zainal Abidin Akasah
IMPORTING URBAN GIANTS:
Re-Imaging Shanghai and Dubai with Skyscrapers (22/42)
Kheir Al-Kodmany, Mir M. Ali, and Tingwei Zhang
ACCESSIBILITY FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN URBAN SPACES:
A Case Study of Ankara, Turkey (43/60)
H. Filiz Alkan Meshur
IMPACTS OF URBAN PASSAGES ON FORMATION OF IRANIAN BAZAARS:
Case Study of the Historic Bazaar of Tabriz (61/75)
Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi, Farzad Pour Rahimian, and Mehrdad Sahraei Loron
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES FOR TEACHING CROSS-CULTURAL DESIGN:
A Pedagogical Example Using Nigerian and South African Spatial Forms (76/91)
Abimbola Asojo
CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND REFORMING SOCIAL BEHAVIOR:
A Participatory Design Approach to Design Pedagogy (92/101)
Abeer A. Hasanin
OLYMPIC STADIUM DESIGN: PAST ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES (102/117)
Miranda Kiuri and Sigrid Reiter
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTERACTIVE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT FOR HISHAM PALACE IN JERICHO,
PALESTINE (118/135)
Shadi Ghadban, Ramzi Hassan, Omar Aboudi, and Yousef Khateeb
continued

Copyright © 2013 Archnet-IJAR, Archnet, MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961
ISSN - United States (Online) 1938-7806
OCLC & World Cat # 145980807
Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183
International Journal of Architectural Research
An international fully refereed journal published three times a year
http://www.archnet.org http://www.archnetijaronline.org
Volume (7) - Issue (2) - July 2013
Selected Papers from CAUMME – International Symposium on Architecture and
Urbanism in the Mediterranean and the Middle East (Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz
Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey – November 21-23, 2012
DUBAI IN A WORLD OF FLOWS (136/145)
Hussam Hussein Salama
FROM PRE-OIL SETTLEMENT TO POST-OIL HUB:
The Urban Transformation of Doha (146/159)
Florian Wiedmann and Ashraf M. Salama
THE PRODUCTION OF URBAN QUALITIES IN THE EMERGING CITY OF DOHA: URBAN Space Diversity as a
Case for Investigating the ‘Lived Space’ (160/172)
Ashraf M. Salama and Florian Wiedmann
SCALES OF FLOWS:
Qatar and the Urban Legacies of Mega Events (173/191)
Anna Grichting
THE (MASTER) PLANS OF ATHENS AND THE CHALLENGES OF ITS RE-PLANNING IN THE CONTEXT OF CRISIS
(192/205)
Pantoleon Skayannis
WAKFS IN KAVALA, GREECE:
A Legal, Political and Architectural Heritage Issue (206/220)
Konstantinos Lalenis and Elena Samourkasidou
SOCIAL JUSTICE FOR DISABLED PEOPLE (221/243)
Nazire Diker and Asuman Türkün
GLOBAL IMAGE HEGEMONY:
Istanbul’s Gated Communities as the New Marketing Icons (244/257)
Gözde Kan Ülkü and Erdem Erten
continued
Copyright © 2013 Archnet-IJAR, Archnet, MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961
ISSN - United States (Online) 1938-7806
OCLC & World Cat # 145980807
Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183
International Journal of Architectural Research
An international fully refereed journal published three times a year
http://www.archnet.org http://www.archnetijaronline.org
Volume (7) - Issue (2) - July 2013
Selected Papers from CAUMME – International Symposium on Architecture and
Urbanism in the Mediterranean and the Middle East (Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz
Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey – November 21-23, 2012
MANAGING THE IMAGE OF CITIES IN THE “GLOBAL VILLAGE:”
City Branding As An Opportunity Against Globalization (258/268)
Gözdem Çelikkanat Aysu
THE IMPACTS OF PRESTIGE PROJECTS ON THE SKYLINE OF ISTANBUL (269/281)
Suzan Girginkaya Akdag and Seda H. Bostanci
URBAN REHABILITATION: REINVENTING A PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE:
Istanbul, Golden Horn Case Study (282/296)
Çigdem Canbay Türkyılmaz, Ana M. Moya Pellitero, Emrah Türkyılmaz, and Josue da Silva
Eliziario
CURRENT TRENDS IN DEVELOPING URBAN TOURISM (297/310)
Selin Yıldız and M. Tolga Akbulut
LEARNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN:
Softer Learning Spaces (311/317)
E. Ümran TOPÇU
RE-EXPLORING LATE OTTOMAN BUILDINGS IN TODAY’S ISTANBUL (318/329)
Irem Maro Kırıs
HOW SUSTAINABLE ARE INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS?
A Study In Golden Horn District (330/340)
Hande Düzgün and Hande Aladag

Copyright © 2013 Archnet-IJAR, Archnet, MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
International Journal of Architectural Research Ban-Huat Ng and Zainal Abidin Akasah

POST OCCUPANCY EVALUATION OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT BUILDINGS IN
TROPICAL CLIMATES – MALAYSIA

Ban-Huat Ng1 and Zainal Abidin Akasah2
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
There exists a well-known gap between occupants and building’s energy-efficient designs. A
comprehensive building performance diagnostic technique, Post Occupancy Evaluation
(POE) may surpass the current evaluation method by reducing the gap between occupants
and building’s energy-efficient design. Due to these reasons, the aim of this research is to
identify the problems with respect to energy-efficient design which affect occupants’ comfort.
This research focuses on the application of energy-efficient design in office building and was
conducted on energy-efficient buildings in Malaysia. A building performance survey
framework, Energy-efficient Building Environmental Quality Questionnaire (EBEQ2), was
used to identify the problems affecting occupants’ comfort and buildings’ Indoor
Environmental Quality (IEQ). The result was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social
Science (SPSS). The research outcome shows that majority of occupants are not satisfied
with the thermal comfort and lighting condition of the buildings. Building certified with
sustainable building rating tools does not guarantee better IEQ performance. Thus
continuous research is needed to ensure energy-efficient building concept is applied
effectively in each type of building.

Keywords: post occupancy evaluation; indoor environmental quality; sustainable building
rating tools; energy-efficient building; office building.

INTRODUCTION
In the current situation, reducing the consumption of energy in various sectors has become the
main agenda for sustainable development. According to United Nations Development Program
(2009), in many countries, municipalities and public buildings have been the principal targets for
energy efficiency programs, both at the national and local levels. The U.S. Congress drafted
Section 914 of the Energy Policy Act (2005) to address not just more energy efficient or “green”
buildings but rather high performance buildings that combine the objectives of reducing resource
energy consumption while improving the environmental impact, functionality, human comfort and
productivity of the building (National Institute of Building Sciences, 2008). Since the energy-
efficient designs of a building are aimed to fit occupants’ comfort, hence it can be said that
occupants are the end users of a building, and their requirements and perceptions towards
energy-efficient design can bring significant improvement to the building.
Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) is one of the ideal methods to analyze energy-efficient
design of a building after occupancy. POE systematically analyzes and identifies successful
design features to be repeated in the future (Watson, 2003). Among the benefits of POE are
improvement of the design databases, standards, criteria, and guidance literature, better-
informed design decision-making, and understanding of the consequences of design (Preiser,
2002).
In this study, the term “energy-efficient building” is used as a collective term for different
types of buildings made to reduce energy consumption. The aim of these buildings is to cope with
the problems derived from the over consumption of natural resources mostly coal, which is used
during buildings’ operational process. At present, there are three (3) office buildings specifically
Archnet-IJAR, Volume 7 - Issue 2 - July 2013 - (08-21) – Regular Section 8
Copyright © 2013 Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research
International Journal of Architectural Research Ban-Huat Ng and Zainal Abidin Akasah

designed with energy-efficient features in Malaysia, such as Ministry of Energy, Communications,
and Multimedia office or more well known as Low Energy Office (LEO); the, Green Energy Office
(GEO) which housed the office building for Malaysia Green Technology Corporations; and the
Energy Commission office or known as ST Diamond. Those buildings are the initiatives
demonstrated by the government to fully engage in the sustainable development, which is in line
with the Vision 2020 in the effort to become a developed nation.
The development of green building rating system such as Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED), and Malaysian Green Building Index (GBI) reflected the current
focus of the building performance objectives mostly on optimizing energy and resource efficiently.
However, according to the Department of Energy (2001), in the development of energy efficiency
program for building, it is important to appreciate that the fundamental purpose of the building is
neither to save nor use energy. Somewhat, the building is there to serve the occupants and their
activities.
Evidence from recent post-occupancy evaluations done by Abbaszadeh et al., (2006)
suggests that, there were potential for green building to enhance the IEQ, however, they often fall
short. Their research found out that, although some of the best green buildings can rank higher
than the best conventional buildings in terms of occupants experience toward comfort, health and
productivity, a few of the lowest scoring buildings on user experience are also reported as green
building. Occupants demand high performance of energy-efficient design with the aim of
improving their comfort. The relationship between occupants’ satisfaction and building’s IEQ can
be positively correlated with better building performance as shown in Figure 1 (Wilkinson et al.,
2011).

Figure 1: Correlation between occupants’ satisfaction level towards Indoor Environmental Quality
(IEQ) and building performance (Source: Authors).

According to Leaman et al. (2010), building performance analysis can be studied from three
different perspectives such as, occupants, environmental performance and economic value, as
shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Building’s performance evaluation perspectives (Source: Leaman et al., 2010).

Archnet-IJAR, Volume 7 - Issue 2 - July 2013 - (08-21) – Regular Section 9
Copyright © 2013 Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research