Architecture and other architectures

326 Pages·2007·29.65 MB·English

by  Ilya Fadjar Maharika

Architecture
and
Other Architectures
Mapping the Production of Insular Space in
the Pearl River Delta (China) and Jakarta (Indonesia)
Inaugural Dissertation
zur Erlangung des akademisches Grades eines
Doktor-Ingenieur (Dr. - Ing.)
im Fachbereich Architektur Stadt-und-Landschaftplannung
der Universität Kassel
Vorgelegt von
Ilya Fadjar Maharika
Temanggung, Indonesien
Kassel, 2007
Als Dissertation vom
Universität Kassel
Fachbereich 6 Architektur Stadtplanung und Landschaftplanung
Henschelstrasse 2 Kassel 34109
Dissertation angenommen am: 5 Oktober 2006
Gutachter:
Prof. Dr. phil. Hans Frei
Prof. Dr. Detlev Ipsen
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 22. Dezember 2006
II
DECLARATION
I clarify that the submitted work for the Doctorate Degree to the Faculty of Architecture Urban and
Landscape Planning, University of Kassel, Germany entitled “Architecture and Other Architectures,
mapping the production of insular space in the Pearl River Delta and Jakarta” is supervised by
Professor Hans Frei and co supervised Professor Detlev Ipsen.
I also declare that the work is completed and written without any aid from other party. I declare
before this submission, I did not engage in any program or apply any work to pursue the doctorate
degree in architecture either in homeland or in abroad.
Some parts of this study have appeared in the following publications and events:
1. “Projecting Identity: Mapping the Genesis of Diff erentiations in the Pearl River Delta“ chapter in
Detlev Ipsen, Yo-ngning Li, and Holger Weichler (eds.) 2005. Genesis of Urban Landscapes: Th e Pearl
River Delta in South China. Work Report No. 161 of Faculty of Architecture Urban and Landscape
Planning. Kassel: University of Kassel, pp. 33-43.
2.“Urban Poverty or Proto Urban Condition Misunderstood” in Jutta Hebel, Samadi and Dodik
Nurrochmat (eds.), Poverty Alleviation: Policy and Experiences in Developing Countries, Proceedings
of International Seminar and Series of Disscussion on Poverty Alleviation 2003. Indonesian Students
Association (PPI) chapter Germany and Centre for Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture and Forestry
Georg-August Universität Göttingen (CeTSAF), August 9, 2003, pp. 51-59.
3. “Technology For “Small And Medium Enterprises” from Spatial Perspective: A Consequence from
Shifting Concept on Space” in Heru Iswanto and Misri Gozan (eds.) Proceeding of Indonesian Students
Scientifi c Meeting Berlin 2002, available at (http://www.bibcouncil.de/issm2002/Proceedings/index.
htm) and “On the Ephemeral: tactility and urban politics” in Misri Gozan (ed.) Proceeding on the
Indonesian Students Scientifi c Meeting (ISSM) 2001, Manchester, August 2001.
4. “Th e Politics of Virtual Spaces: Th e Cases of Ephemeral Architecture in Indonesia” in Proceeding
on Conference IASI Indonesian Scholars Association, AOL Verlag, Marburg, Germany 2002.
5. “Space and Politics” (original title in Bahasa Indonesia “Ruang dan Politik”) working paper presented
in Workshop on Local Institution Empowerment II held by the Institute of Science and Technology
Studies (Istecs) chapter Europe, November 2001 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
6. “Negotiating Political Space: Otherness and Other Space” (original title in Bahasa Indonesia:
Menegosiasikan Ruang Politik: “Otherness” dan “Other Space”) in Josef Prijotomo (ed.) Proceeding
on Postcolonialism in Built Environment in Indonesia, Dept. of Architecture Institute of Technology
Surabaya, Dept. of Architecture Udayana University Bali, and Indonesian Institute of Architects,
region Bali June 2001.
7. “Pearl River Delta: the beauty of planned cities and beauty of the vernacular” (Original title in
Bahasa Indonesia “Delta Sungai Mutiara: Keindahan Kota Terencana dan Keindahan Vernakular”)
Kompas, 7 November 2004.
III
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It all began with a meeting with Professor Hans Frei and then with Professor
Detlev Ipsen at the Department of Architecture, Urban and Landscape
Planning (FFFaaaccchhhbbbeeerrreeeiiiccchhh AAArrrccchhhiiittteeekkktttuuurrr SSStttaaadddtttppplllaaannnuuunnnggg uuunnnddd LLLaaannndddsssccchhhaaaffftttppplllaaannnuuunnnggg))
at the University of Kassel in Germany. Since then I spent four years
living in Germany peddling from Marburg to Kassel in order to explore
the relation between the discourse of globalization and its manifestation
within architectural space.
My study strayed from the typical work of students from the “third-world”
which tends to contrast local or traditional architectural identity with
global architecture. Instead, my thesis is focused on the “really existing
globalization” and how the term can spatialize through the rampant
creation of “global” insular spaces which tend to infl ict confl ict not only
territorially but also with the identity of the “local” community. Professor
Frei’s guidance led me down a path of exploration that dealt specifi cally
with architecture at the border of confl ict. Th rough the course of this
study I found that architectural space may cross the border and at the
same time express the signature of the confl ict itself. Architecture in this
case is treated at a “diagrammatic” level not merely in terms of space, but
a diagram that draws spaces like gated communities as the logic for place-
making in the contemporary globalizing world. Professor Ipsen’s direction
on the German term vvveeerrriiinnnssseeelllllluuunnnggg –– iinnssuullaarriittyy -- aanndd hhiiss iinnssiigghhttss aabboouutt tthhee
Pearl River Delta later developed into my central investigatory theme. To
both, I owe my greatest debt of gratitude.
While I never felt quite at home during my four-year stay in Germany I
was strangely heartbroken when preparing for my fl ight back to Indonesia.
Although parts of this dissertation were fi nished in my home country, the
connection to Germany remained with me always.
To Professor Antonius Busch for his continuous support, saying great
thanks I feel is far from suffi cient. To Professor Christl Drey and Dr.
Herbert Glasauer, I give my utmost appreciation for our discussions as well
as warm friendship especially during the Pearl River Delta excursion.
IV
To colleagues and friends, especially Gunter Wehmeyer whose warm friendship cannot be forgotten,
to Li Gang, Jaiyin Shou, and Yun Duan who allowed some of their materials to be quoted in this
dissertation, to Meicai He, Anna Schoepf, Holger Weichler, Clemens Back, Hirofumi Ueda, Hamid
Makerani, Nooradin Rashid, Ulrike - Uli - Reichhardt , Susanne Kosh as well as Peter Yongning Li
for their kind friendship both in Germany and in China. My appreciation must also be given to Mrs.
Erichson at the university administration, Mrs. Helga Kraekel, Mrs. Ingrid Loeffl er, Mrs. Itter and
Mrs Salzman without whom my study would not have been possible.
I am greatly indebted to DAAD, Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, and the Department
of National Education, Republic of Indonesia, for supporting me in fi nishing this doctorate
promotion.
In Indonesia, my foremost appreciation is given institutionally to the Islamic University of Indonesia,
to the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning and to all of my colleagues at the Department of
Architecture. Th anks also for the great support from my research colleagues in Gated Communities
Research Group. English proof reading done by Kate O’Shoughnessy, Anita from CILACS (Center
for International Language and Culture Studies - Islamic University of Indonesia), Siskina Morinoue
(CD Bethesda Volunteer), Brian Curren for his last minute proof reading, as well as Melanie Nertz
from Freiburg whose help makes this book easier to read. My gratitude and appreciation goes to them
as well for their work.
Love and thanks to my parents and brothers who always support me with their prayers. To friends
Lukman Baga, the Suparman family, the Wannurachmad family, Professor Isaak Eff endy and his
family, the Mascizeck family, Asep Mulyana, Adhitya Wardhono, as well as the “Mar-Gie family”,
without them living in Germany would have been rather lonely.
Finally, to my wife Retno, and our sons Raka, Adhwa and Argha, my love and gratitude are beyond
my ability to express in words. Th e fi rst two boys were with us throughout our wandering days of
struggle in Germany. Argha’s birth made the completion of this writing, in our home country, even
more cheerful.
ifm
V
ABSTRACT
Globalization is widely regarded as the rise of the borderless world.
However in practice, true globalization points rather to a “spatial
logic” by which globalization is manifested locally in the shape of
insular space. Globalization in this sense is not merely about the
creation of physical fragmentation of space but also the creation of
social disintegration. Th is study tries to proof that global processes
also create various forms of insular space leading also to specifi c
social implications.
In order to examine the problem this study looks at two cases: China’s
Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Jakarta in Indonesia.
Th e PRD case reveals three forms of insular space namely the modular,
concealed and the hierarchical. Th e modular points to the form of
enclosed factories where workers are vulnerable for human-right
violations due to the absent of public control. Th e concealed refers
to the production of insular space by subtle discrimination against
certain social groups in urban space. And the hierarchical points
to a production of insular space that is formed by an imbalanced
population fl ow. Th e Jakarta case attempts to show more types of
insularity in relation to the complexity of a mega-city which is shaped
by a culture of exclusion. Th ose are dormant and hollow insularity.
Th e dormant refers to the genesis of insular– radical – community
from a culture of resistance. Th e last type, the hollow, points to the
process of making a “pseudo community” where sense of community
is not really developed as well as weak social relationship with its
surrounding.
Although global process creates various expressions of territorial
insularization, however, this study fi nds that the “line of fl ight” is
always present, where the border of insularity is crossed. Th e PRD’s
produces vernacular modernization done by peasants which is less
likely to be controlled by the politics of insularization. In Jakarta,
the culture of insularization causes urban informalities that have no
space, neither spatially nor socially; hence their state of ephemerality
continues as a tactic of place-making. Th is study argues that these
crossings possess the potential for reconciling venue to defuse the
power of insularity.
VI
zusammenfassung
Globalisierung wird weltweit verstanden als die Entwicklung hin zu einer grenzenlosen Welt.
Tatsächlich aber zeigt sich die wahre Globalisierung eher in einer räumlichen Logik, bei der
sie sich lokal in der Gestalt von insularen Räumen manifestiert. Globalisierung in diesem
Sinne ist nicht nur die Erschaff ung von physikalischer Fragmentierung, sondern auch von
sozialer Disintegration.
Diese Studie versucht zu beweisen, daß globale Prozesse auch verschiedene Formen von
iiinnnsssuuulllaaarrreeennn RRRääuuummmeeennn eeerrrsssccchhhaaaffffff eeennn,,, dddiiieee zzzuuu bbbeeessstttiiimmmmmmttteeennn sssooozzziiiaaallleeennn VVVeeerrrflflfl eeeccchhhtttuuunnngggeeennn fffüühren.
Um das Problem zu untersuchen, betrachtet diese Studie zwei Fälle: Das Pearl River Delta
(PRD) in China und Jakarta in Indonesien.
Das Beispiel des PRD macht drei verschiedene Formen von Verinselung deutlich: Die
Modulare, die Verborgene und die Hierarchische. Die Modulare zeigt auf eine Form von
umschlossenen Fabriken, wo die Arbeiter aufgrund der Abwesenheit von öff entlicher Kontrolle
aaannngggrrreeeiiifffbbbaaarrreeerrr sssiiinnnddd fffüür Menschenrechtsverletzungen. Dagegen bezieht sich die verborgene
Verinselung auf die Produktion von insularen Räumen mit einer subtilen Diskrimination
gegen bestimmte soziale Gruppen im Urbanen Raum. Als Drittes zeigt die hierarchische
VVVeeerrriiinnnssseeellluuunnnggg aaauuufff eeeiiinnneee PPPrrroooddduuukkktttiiiooonnn vvvooonnn iiinnnsssuuulllaaarrreeennn RRRääumen hin, die sich in unausgeglichenen
Bevölkerungsfl üssen formiert. Der Fall von Jakarta versucht eher, mehr Formen von Insularität
in Beziehung zu der Komplexität einer Megastadt aufzuzeigen, die gestaltet wird von einer
Kultur der Ausschliessung. In dem Fall eine schlummernde und eine hohle Insularität. Die
schlummernde bezieht sich auf die Schöpfung von insularen radikalen Gesellschaften mit
einer Kultur des Widerstandes. Die hohle Insularität zeigt auf einen Prozess der Gestaltung
einer Pseudogesellschaft, in der die Wahrnehmung der Gesellschaft nicht richtig entwickelt
ist und auch die sozialen Beziehungen zu Ihrer Umgebung schwach sind.
Obwohl globale Prozesse verschiedene Arten von Verinselungen erschaff en, zeigt diese
Studie auch, dass es die sogenannte „line of fl ight“ gibt, die die Grenzen der Verinselung
überschreitet. Vernakuläre Modernisierung im PRD ist ein Beispiel, wie Modernisierung
sich durch Bauern unabhängig von staatlicher Kontrolle entwickelt. In Jakarta verursacht
die kulturelle Verinselung urbane Informalitäten mit weder physikalischem noch sozialem
Raum. Dieser Zustand der Ephemeralität setzt sich fort in einer Taktik der Schaff ung von
Plätzen. Diese Studie argumentiert, dass diese Überschreitungen das Potential haben, Orte
in Einklang zu bringen, um die Kraft der Insularität abzuschwächen.
VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration III
Acknowledgement IV
Abstract VI
Zusammenfassung VII
Table of Contents VIII
INTRODUCTION
1. Architecture Th eory within Global Context 2
1.1 Architecture as a signature of confl ict 4
Divided architecture - divided society 4
Critical Regionalism and the battle of identity 7
1.2 Global shift: other architectures? 9
1.3 On the research: mapping out reconciling space 14
Point of departure 14
Method: making explicit through mapping 15
Shape of the report 17
PART I ON DISCOURSE OF INSULARITY
2 Global Insularity 22
2.1 Global space as the metaphor: the limits 23
Cyber space: contested global agora 24
Global cities - global fragmentation 32
Postcolonial cities: hybrid and re-division of space 42
2.2 Insularity in the wilderness 50
Concept of insularity 51
Th eme park: consuming imagined places 58
Gated communities: walling space walling societies 62
Export Processing Zones: a mobile place of mobilization 72
2.3 Insularity leaks 78
Non-places 78
Junkspace 84
Urban slum and dddeessaakkoottaa 86
PART II CASES
3. Case 1 Th e Pearl River Delta: on the creation of insular territories 102
3.1 City as “enclave imagined territory” 103
From agriculture to industrialization 105
Towards a wild mega city 113
Persistence of division: from architecture of wall to
ephemeral border 127
3.2 On the making insular spaces 137
Modular space: dorm-factories 137
Concealed insularity: Dongguan hidden urban life 149
Hierarchical insularity: Shenzhen and Nansha “hub city” 158
VIII
3.3 Vernacular modernization: anti-insular territory in
the making 168
4. Case 2 Jakarta‘s Culture of Insularity: on the production
of ephemeral spaces 184
4.1 Jungle organisée: spatial explosions, social implosion
and the persistance of segregation 187
Exploded cosmological orders 188
Exploded infrastructure: exurbia of estate and kampung 193
Imploded social space: cities within a city 201
4.2 KKKaaammmpppuuunnnggg’’’ss iinnttaannggiibbllee iinnssuullaarriittyy aanndd
the creation of resistance 212
KKKaaammmpppuuunnnggg aass aa ssoocciiaall ssppaaccee 221166
KKKaaammmpppuuunnnggg aass aa ccoonntteesstteedd ssiittee 227
KKKaaammmpppuuunnnggg’’ss rreessiissttaannccee iiddeennttiittyy 223300
4.3 Modern pecinan: on the making of hollow insularity 232
Chinese and the pecinan as a symbol of insularization 234
KKKoootttaaa WWWiiisssaaatttaaa::: ooonnn ttthhheee mmmaaakkkiiinnnggg mmmooodddeeerrrnnn “““ppppeeeecccciiiinnnnaaaannnn”””” 223377
4.4 Urban informalities: resisting insularity through
the making of ephemeral spaces 246
Kaki lima: depleting insular space 247
GGGaaarrrddduuu’’’ss ssttrruuggggllee ffoorr ddeemmooccrraattiicc ssppaaccee 225511
Rukunan: virtual reconciling space 255
Resisting insularization: necessity for representation 257
PART III ON OTHER ARCHITECTURES
5. Other Architectures: border crossing 272
5.1 Diagram of insularity 272
Th e form and the meaning of insularity 272
Th e meaning of insularity 276
Spectrum of border 278
5.2 On border crossing: role of urban informalities in urban
development 281
New strategies in architectural discourse 281
Urban informalities and development 284
Urban informalities: need for representation 287
5.3 Summary 291
References 301
Curriculum Vitae 315
Erklarung 320
IX
Th is page is intentionally
printed grey to memorize
all the victims of the 26
December 2004 tsunami
in Aceh and 27 May 2006
earthquake in Yogyakarta,
my home town, to whom
this study is dedicated.
X