Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates

328 Pages·1999·173.407 MB·English

by  George Mihell, Mark Zebrowski

ArchitectureandArtoftheDeccanSultanates
The Muslim kingdoms of the Deccan plateau in peninsular India Xourished from the
fourteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Ruling from their fortiWed capitals, the sultans
built sumptuous palaces, mosques and tombs and patronised artists who produced
outstandingpaintings,textilesandobjects.Manyofthesebuildingsandsomeworksofart
stillsurviveastestimonytotheremarkabletalentsoftheirbuildersandcraftsmen.This
volume is the Wrst to oVer an overall survey of these varied architectural and artistic
traditionsandtoplacethemwithintheirhistoricalandculturalcontext.Theethnicand
religiouslinkswhichexistedbetweentheDeccanandIranandTurkey,forexample,are
clearly discernible in Deccani architecture and painting, and a remarkable group of
images, many of which have never been published before, testify to these inXuences.
Whilethesepartiallegaciessurvive,littlehasbeenwrittenontheexoticartoftheDeccan
sultanatesuntilnow.Thebookwillthereforebeaninvaluablesourceofinspirationtoall
thoseinterestedintherichanddiversecultureofIndia,aswellastothoseconcernedwith
thewiderartisticheritageoftheMiddleEast.
George Michell is an architect, archaeologist and art historian. He has worked on
numerous research projects in diVerent parts of India, most recently documenting the
medievalHinducapitalofVijayanagara.HispublicationsincludeArchitectureandArtof
Southern India: Vijayanagara and the Successor States (1995) and City of Victory:
Vijayanagara,theMedievalCityofSouthernIndia(1991).
Mark Zebrowski is an art historian. He has studied Mughal India and the art of the
DeccanformanyyearsandhasrecentlycompletedabookonIndianmetalwork,Gold,
Silverand Bronzefrom Mughal India (1997).He is also theauthor of DeccaniPainting
(1983).AtpresentheisworkingonthedecorativeartsoftheMughalempire.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
mmmm
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE NEW CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA
GeneraleditorGordon Johnson
PresidentofWolfsonCollege,andDirector
CentreofSouthAsianStudies,UnivesityofCambridge
AssociateeditorsC. A. Bayly
VereHarmsworthProfessorofImperialandNavalHistory,
UniversityofCambridge,andFellowofStCatharine’sCollege
andJohn F. Richards
ProfessorofHistory,DukeUniversity
Although the original Cambridge History of India, published between
1922and1937,didmuchtoformulateachronologyforIndianhistoryand
describe the administrative structures of government in India, it has
inevitablybeenovertakenby themass of newresearchpublishedover the
lastWftyyears.
Designedtotakefullaccountofrecentscholarshipandchangingconcep-
tionsofSouthAsia’shistoricaldevelopment,TheNewCambridgeHistory
ofIndiawillbepublishedasaseriesofshort,self-containedvolumes,each
dealingwithaseparatethemeandwrittenbyoneortwoauthorswithinan
overallfour-partstructure.Volumeswillconcludewithasubstantialbibli-
ographicalessaydesignedtoleadnon-specialistsfurtherintotheliterature.
Thefourpartsareasfollows:
I TheMughalsandtheirContemporaries
II IndianStatesandtheTransitiontoColonialism
III TheIndianEmpireandtheBeginningsofModernSociety
IV TheEvolutionofContemporarySouthAsia
Alistofindividualtitlesalreadypublishedandthoseinpreparationwillbe
foundattheendofthevolume.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
SuWreceivingavisitor,attributedtotheBodleianpainter,Bijapur,c.1610–20
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE NEW
C A M B R I D G E
HIS TORY OF
INDIA
7
I :
Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates
GEORGE MICHELL
and
MARK ZEBROWSKI
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
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Firstpublished1999
Reprinted2006
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TypesetinGaramond10.5/13pt[vn]
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LibraryofCongresscataloguinginpublicationdata
Michell,George
ThearchitectureandartoftheDeccansultanates/GeorgeMichellandMarkZebrowski.
p. cm.–(ThenewCambridgehistoryofIndia;I,8)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
isbn0521563216(hb)
1.Art,Islamic–India–Deccan. 2.Art,Indic–India–Deccan.
i.Zebrowski,Mark. ii.Title. iii.Series.
ds436.n47 1987pt1,vol.8
[N7307.d4]
954s–dc21
[709'.54'8] 98–24737 cip
isbn0521563216hardback
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
Listofillustrations viii
Generaleditor’spreface xviii
Preface xx
Maps xxii
Introduction 1
1 Historicalframework 4
2 Fortsandpalaces 23
3 Mosquesandtombs 63
4 Architecturaldecoration 115
5 Miniaturepainting:AhmadnagarandBijapur 145
6 Miniaturepainting:Golcondaandothercentres 191
7 Textiles,metalworkandstoneobjects 226
8 Temples 246
9 Conclusion 268
Appendix:dynasticlistsofDeccanrulers 273
Bibliographicessay 278
Bibliography 282
Index 289
vii
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
ILLUSTRATIONS
Unlessotherwisenoted,photographsofpaintingsandotherworksofarthavebeen
providedbyrelevantmuseumsandprivateowners.
colour plates
betweenpages168and169
1 SultanIbrahimAdilShahIIhawking,Bijapur,c.1590(Instituteofthe
PeoplesofAsia,AcademyofSciences,StPetersburg,StPetersburgalbum,
fol.2,28.7x15.6cm)
2 SultanMurtazaNizamShahenthroned,attributedtotheParispainter,
Ahmadnagar,c.1575(Bibliothe`queNationale,Paris,Supple´mentPersan
1572,fol.26,23.5x20.5cm)
3 Youngprinceriding,attributedtotheParispainter,Ahmadnagar,c.1575
(privatecollection,11x10.5cm)
4 Siesta,attributedtotheDublinpainter,Bijapur,earlyseventeenthcentury
(IslamischesMuseum,Berlin,t.4595,fol.36,20.6x14.2cm)
5 Asceticvisitedbyayogini,attributedtotheDublinpainter,Bijapur,early
seventeenthcentury(IslamischesMuseum,Berlin,t.4596,fol.4a,30.3x
22.6cm)
6 Stoutcourtier,detail,attributedtotheBodleianpainter,Bijapur,c.1610–20
(BritishMuseum,19374–1003,17x10cm)
7 SultanMuhammadAdilShah,attributedtotheBodleianpainterworking
withaMughalpainter,Bijapur,c.1635(ElviraandGursharanSidhu
Collection,MenloPark,California,15.8x8.6cm)
8 PrincesniYngarose,Deccan,earlyeighteenthcentury(NationalMuseum,
NewDelhi,58.39/5,28x17.5cm)
9 Princegallopingacrossarockyplain,Deccan,c.1700(privatecollection,
29.3x19.4cm)
10 Maidenwithaparrot,detailofafragmentofapaintedcloth,Golconda,
Wrsthalfofseventeenthcentury(AEDTA,Paris)
11 Paintedcloth,single-nichehanging(qanat),Deccan,mid-seventeenth
century(KhaliliCollection,London)
12 Vasewitharabesque,paintedplasterwork,AsarMahal,Bijapur,seventeenth
century(MarkZebrowski)
viii
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
list of illustrations
13 Arabesquedesign,tilemosaicpanel,RanginMahal,Bidar,mid-sixteenth
century(MarkZebrowski)
14 Calligraphicalam,detailoftilemosaicpanel,BadshahiAshurkhana,
Hyderabad,1611(MarkZebrowski)
15 Vaseofplenty,detailoftilemosaicpanel,BadshahiAshurkhana(Mark
Zebrowski)
16 Calligraphicmedalliononchain,paintedgessoonstone,mihrab,Jami
mosque,Bijapur,1636(ArnoldLassrich)
figures
SuWreceivingavisitor,attributedtotheBodleianpainter,Bijapur,c.1610–20
(BodleianLibrary,Oxford,MSDouceOr.b2(1),fol.1a,26.5x19.7cm)
Frontispiece
1 FortwithartiWciallyscarpedhill,Daulatabad,thirteenthtoseventeenth
centuries(GeorgeMichell) 6
2 SultanIbrahimAdilShahIIholdingcastanets,attributedtotheBodleian
painter,Bijapur,c.1610–20(BritishMuseum,London,19374–1002,
17x10.2cm) 15
3 Planoffort,Daulatabad,fourteenthtoseventeenthcenturies 24
4 EntrancetoBalakot,Daulatabad,fourteenthcentury(DavidMcCutchion) 25
5 KhushMahal,Warangal,earlyfourteenthcentury(GeorgeMichell) 26
6 Royalresidence,Balakot,Daulatabad,Wfteenthcentury(GeorgeMichell) 27
7 Planoffortandcity,Gulbarga,fourteenthandWfteenthcenturies 28
8 Planofpalacecity,Firuzabad,founded1400 29
9 Audiencehall,Firuzabad(GeorgeMichell) 30
10 Planoffortandcity,Bidar,Wfteenthandsixteenthcenturies 31
11 Sharzagate,Bidar,1504(JohnGollings) 32
12 PlanofDiwan-iAm,Bidar,Wfteenthcentury 33
13 Diwan-iAmwithTakhtMahal(JohnGollings) 34
14 Takht-iKirmani,Bidar,Wfteenthcentury(JohnGollings) 35
15 Entrygate,Sholapur,Wfteenthcentury(GeorgeMichell) 36
16 Fortwalls,Parenda,Wfteenthcentury(GeorgeMichell) 37
17 PlanandsectionofFarahBagh,Ahmadnagar,1583 39
18 FarahBagh(IndiaOYceLibrary,London) 40
19 ChiniMahal,Daulatabad,sixteenthcentury(GeorgeMichell) 42
20 Planofcitadelandcity,Bijapur,sixteenthandseventeenthcenturies 43
21 Citywalls,Bijapur,begun1599(AmericanInstituteofIndianStudies) 44
22 Westgate,Panhala,mid-sixteenthcentury(GeorgeMichell) 45
23 GaganMahal,Bijapur,mid-sixteenthcentury(MarkZebrowski) 46
24 Planoffortandcity,Golconda,sixteenthandseventeenthcenturies 48
25 BalaHisargate,Golconda,sixteenthcentury(YolandeCrowe) 50
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list of illustrations
26 Palacezone,Golconda,sixteenthcentury(VivekNanda) 51
27 CharMinar,Hyderabad,1591(AntonioMartinelli) 52
28 FortiWcations,Rajgad,seventeenthcentury(GeorgeMichell) 56
29 PlanofBalaQila,Raigad,seventeenthcentury 57
30 TowersofBalaQila,Raigad(GeorgeMichell) 58
31 Vijayadurg,seventeenthcentury(GeorgeMichell) 59
32 Ramparts,Janjira,1707(GeorgeMichell) 60
33 InteriorofJamimosque,Daulatabad,1318(DavidMcCutchion) 64
34 ChandMinar,Daulatabad,earlyfourteenthcenturyandlater
(AntonioMartinelli) 65
35 SolahKhambamosque,Bidar,1327(JohnGollings) 66
36 PlanofJamimosque,Gulbarga,1367 67
37 InteriorofJamimosque,Gulbarga(JohnGollings) 68
38 TombsofAlauddinHasanBahmanShahandMuhammadI,Gulbarga,
1358and1375(JohnGollings) 69
39 TombofTajuddinFiruz,Gulbarga,1422(JohnGollings) 70
40 InterioroftombofTajuddinFiruz(JohnGollings) 71
41 Tombs,Holkonda,Wfteenthcentury(JohnGollings) 72
42 InteriorofLangar-kimosque,Gulbarga,Wfteenthcentury(JohnGollings) 73
43 PlanofmadrasaofMahmudGawan,Bidar,1472 74
44 MadrasaofMahmudGawan(JohnGollings) 75
45 TombsofAhmadI(behind)andAlauddinAhmadII(infront),Bidar,
1436and1458(JohnGollings) 75
46 PlanoftombofShaykhKhalilullah(Chaukhandi),Bidar,1450 76
47 TombofShaykhKhalilullah(JohnGollings) 77
48 TombofAliBaridShah,Bidar,1577(JohnGollings) 78
49 MosqueassociatedwithtombofAliBaridShah(AmericanInstituteof
IndianStudies) 79
50 TombofAhmadBahriNizamShah,Ahmadnagar,1509(JohnRobert
Alderman) 81
51 Damrimosque,Ahmadnagar,1568(GeorgeMichell) 82
52 TombofSalabatKhan,Ahmadnagar,latesixteenthcentury
(GeorgeMichell) 83
53 TombofMalikAmbar,Khuldabad,1626(AmericanInstituteofIndian
Studies) 85
54 EntrancetodargahofShaykhSirajuddinJunaydi,Gulbarga,earlysixteenth
century(JohnGollings) 87
55 InteriorofJamimosque,Bijapur,begun1576(JohnGollings) 89
56 Andamosque,Bijapur,1698(JohnRobertAlderman) 91
57 GatetoMihitar-iMahal,Bijapur,earlyseventeenthcentury(American
InstituteofIndianStudies) 92
58 PlanofIbrahimRauza(tombofIbrahamAdilShahIIandassociated
x
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008