Architecting the Cloud: Design Decisions for Cloud Computing Service Models

351 Pages·2014·1.58 MB·English

by  Michael J. Kavis

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

About the Author

Chapter 1: Why Cloud, Why Now?

Evolution of Cloud Computing

Enter the Cloud

Start-Up Case Study: Instagram, from Zero to a Billion
Overnight

Established Company Case Study: Netflix, Shifting from
On-Premises to the Cloud

Government Case Study: NOAA, E-mail, and Collaboration
in the Cloud

Not-for-Profit Case Study: Obama Campaign, Six-Month
Shelf-Life with One Big Peak

Summary

Chapter 2: Cloud Service Models

Infrastructure as a Service

2

Platform as a Service

Software as a Service

Deployment Models

Summary

Chapter 3: Cloud Computing Worst Practices

Avoiding Failure When Moving to the Cloud

Migrating Applications to the Cloud

Misguided Expectations

Misinformed about Cloud Security

Selecting a Favorite Vendor, Not an Appropriate Vendor

Outages and Out-of-Business Scenarios

Underestimating the Impacts of Organizational Change

Skills Shortage

Misunderstanding Customer Requirements

Unexpected Costs

Summary

Chapter 4: It Starts with Architecture

3

The Importance of Why, Who, What, Where, When, and How

Start with the Business Architecture

Identify the Problem Statement (Why)

Evaluate User Characteristics (Who)

Identify Business and Technical Requirements (What)

Visualize the Service Consumer Experience (Where)

Identify the Project Constraints (When and with What)

Understand Current State Constraints (How)

Summary

Chapter 5: Choosing the Right Cloud Service Model

Considerations When Choosing a Cloud Service Model

When to Use SaaS

When to Use PaaS

When to Use IaaS

Common Cloud Use Cases

Summary

Chapter 6: The Key to the Cloud

4

Why REST?

The Challenges of Migrating Legacy Systems to the Cloud

Summary

Chapter 7: Auditing in the Cloud

Data and Cloud Security

Auditing Cloud Applications

Regulations in the Cloud

Audit Design Strategies

Summary

Chapter 8: Data Considerations in the Cloud

Data Characteristics

Multitenant or Single Tenant

Choosing Data Store Types

Summary

Chapter 9: Security Design in the Cloud

The Truth about Data in the Cloud

How Much Security Is Required

5

Responsibilities for Each Cloud Service Model

Security Strategies

Areas of Focus

Summary

Chapter 10: Creating a Centralized Logging Strategy

Log File Uses

Logging Requirements

Summary

Chapter 11: SLA Management

Factors That Impact SLAs

Defining SLAs

Managing Vendor SLAs

Summary

Chapter 12: Monitoring Strategies

Proactive vs. Reactive Monitoring

What Needs to Be Monitored?

Monitoring Strategies by Category

6

Monitoring by Cloud Service Level

Summary

Chapter 13: Disaster Recovery Planning

What Is the Cost of Downtime?

Disaster Recovery Strategies for IaaS

Recovering from a Disaster in the Primary Data Center

Disaster Recovery Strategies for PaaS

Disaster Recovery Strategies for SaaS

Disaster Recovery Hybrid Clouds

Summary

Chapter 14: Leveraging a DevOps Culture to Deliver
Software Faster and More Reliably

Developing the DevOps Mind-Set

Automate Infrastructure

Automate Deployments

Design Feature Flags

Measure, Monitor, and Experiment

Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery

7

Summary

Chapter 15: Assessing the Organizational Impact of the Cloud
Model

Enterprise Model vs. Elastic Cloud Model

IT Impact

Business Impacts

Organization Change Planning

Change in the Real World

Summary

Chapter 16: Final Thoughts

The Cloud Is Evolving Rapidly

Cloud Culture

New Business Models

PaaS Is the Game Changer

Summary

Index

8

Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons is the oldest
independent publishing company in the United States. With
offices in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia, Wiley
is globally committed to developing and marketing print and
electronic
products
and
services
for
our
customers’

professional and personal knowledge and understanding.

The Wiley CIO series provides information, tools, and
insights to IT executives and managers. The products in this
series cover a wide range of topics that supply strategic and
implementation guidance on the latest technology trends,
leadership, and emerging best practices.

Titles in the Wiley CIO series include:

The Agile Architecture Revolution: How Cloud Computing,
REST-Based SOA, and Mobile Computing Are Changing
Enterprise IT by Jason Bloomberg
Big Data, Big Analytics: Emerging Business Intelligence and
Analytic Trends for Today’s Businesses by Michael Minelli,
Michele Chambers, and Ambiga Dhiraj
The Chief Information Officer’s Body of Knowledge: People,
Process, and Technology by Dean Lane
CIO
Best
Practices:
Enabling
Strategic
Value
with

Information Technology (Second Edition) by Joe Stenzel,
Randy
Betancourt,
Gary
Cokins,
Alyssa
Farrell,
Bill

Flemming, Michael H. Hugos, Jonathan Hujsak, and Karl
Schubert
The CIO Playbook: Strategies and Best Practices for IT
Leaders to Deliver Value by Nicholas R. Colisto
Enterprise
Performance
Management
Done
Right:
An

Operating System for Your Organization by Ron Dimon

9

Executive’s Guide to Virtual Worlds: How Avatars Are
Transforming Your Business and Your Brand by Lonnie
Benson
IT Leadership Manual: Roadmap to Becoming a Trusted
Business Partner by Alan R. Guibord
Managing Electronic Records: Methods, Best Practices, and
Technologies by Robert F. Smallwood
On Top of the Cloud: How CIOs Leverage New Technologies
to Drive Change and Build Value Across the Enterprise by
Hunter Muller
Straight to the Top: CIO Leadership in a Mobile, Social, and
Cloud-based World (Second Edition) by Gregory S. Smith
Strategic IT: Best Practices for Managers and Executives by
Arthur M. Langer and Lyle Yorks
Transforming IT Culture: How to Use Social Intelligence,
Human
Factors,
and
Collaboration
to
Create
an
IT

Department That Outperforms by Frank Wander
Unleashing the Power of IT: Bringing People, Business, and
Technology Together by Dan Roberts
The U.S. Technology Skills Gap: What Every Technology
Executive Must Know to Save America’s Future by Gary J.
Beach
Architecting
the
Cloud:
Design
Decisions
for
Cloud

Computing Service Models (SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS) by
Michael Kavis

10

11

Cover Image: © iStockphoto/Kalawin

Cover Design: Wiley

Copyright © 2014 by Michael Kavis. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or
otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of
the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior
written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through
payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright
Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the Web at
www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission
should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030,
(201)
748-6011,
fax
(201)
748-6008,
or
online
at

http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit
of
Liability/Disclaimer
of
Warranty:
While
the

publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing
this book, they make no representations or warranties with
respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this
book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No
warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives

12

or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained
herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should
consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the
publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or
any other commercial damages, including but not limited to
special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or
for technical support, please contact our Customer Care
Department within the United States at [phone],
outside the United States at [phone] or fax (317)
572-4002.

Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats
and by print-on-demand. Some material
included with

standard print versions of this book may not be included in
e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media
such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you
purchased,
you
may
download
this
material
at

http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about
Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com.

ISBN 978-1-118-61761-8 (cloth)

ISBN 978-1-118-82627-0 (epdf)

ISBN 978-1-118-82646-1 (epub)

ISBN 978-1-118-69177-9 (o-book)

13

I dedicate this book to my parents, John and Deme, and

my brother, Bill, whose work ethic and drive to be the best

in their fields serve as inspiration for me to excel and fully

embrace my field of computer science.

14

FOREWORD

I first met Mike Kavis when he brought our Licensed
ZapThink Architect SOA course to his company in Florida
several years ago. As the vice president of architecture for
this firm, Mike hoped to wrangle his group of developers to
help them think like architects. And while I couldn’t
transform developers into architects in four days, the thrust of
the course was to help people think like architects.

The book you have in your hands now has the same mission.
Cloud computing as an approach to IT infrastructure is still
emerging, and thus the technical details are still in flux—but
the architectural principles of the cloud are now falling into
place. But only by thinking like an architect will you be able
to take advantage of the full power of the cloud.

Architects are in a unique position in the IT shop, because
they have one foot in the business and the other squarely
ensconced in the technology. They must understand the nuts
and bolts of what works and what doesn’t without falling
victim to the techie tunnel vision that inflicts so many IT
people. But they must also live and breathe the business: its
strategy, its goals, and most importantly, its problems.

Architecting the Cloud connects these dots. Mike Kavis has
intentionally avoided product- or vendor-specific details,
focusing instead on the challenges that architects, as well as
stakeholders in the architecture, should address—in other
words, connecting the business problem with the appropriate
solution. A truism to be sure, but easier said than done in the
cloud.

15