AQA Trilogy Science

57 Pages·2017·3.25 MB·English

AQA Trilogy Science
Knowledge Organisers for All Topics
The information on each page is a summary of key
information needed for each topic.
It does not cover all content and is not intended as a
replacement to other study resources.
Please email Mr Allen ([e-mail]) if you spot
any mistakes or potential improvements.
Ultimate 5-step recall revision
Persuade your
1. Chunk it up
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No more than 5 things to learn at a time.
keeping by using
different
2. Write each out 5 times
cognitive skills
Try making flash-cards; mind-maps; or use look-cover-copy
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Perhaps turn the words into pictures
4. Say it out loud 5 times
Teach someone else or do it to a mirror. As much from memory as possible
5. Relate each to you/your life/your experiences
AQA Trilogy Science
Paper 1 Biology topics Paper 2 Biology topics
Cells and Disease and Ecology Genetics and
Biological response
organisation bioenergetics reproduction
Adaptations,
Cell structure and Communicable interdependence
transport diseases The human and competition Reproduction
nervous system
Preventing and Organising an
Cell division Variation and
treating disease ecosystem evolution
Organisation and
Hormonal
Non-communicable Biodiversity and Genetics and
the digestive
diseases coordination ecosystems evolution
system
Organising Photosynthesis
animals and
plants Respiration
Key points to learn Key points to learn Trilogy: B1 Cell structure and
transport
1. Early light Use lightand lenses. Have 10.
Performrespiration to release energy
microscopes magnifications of 100 to 2 000 Mitochondria
Collins Revision Guide: Cell Biology
2. Electron Modern. Use a beam of electrons. 11Cell membrane Controls movementin/out of cell Knowledge Organiser
microscope Magnifications of up to 2 000 000
12 Ribosomes Makes proteins byprotein synthesis
Big picture
(Biology Paper 1)
How much bigger an image appears
Controls activities of cell. Contains
than the real object 13Nucleus
genes to build new cells
egMagnification of 100, image Cells and Disease and
3.
looks 100 times bigger than object 14 Cytoplasm Liquid wheremost reactions happen organisation bioenergetics
Magnification
���� �� ����� 15 Vacuole Sackfilled with sap.Keeps cell rigid Cell structure and Communicable
������������� =
���� �� ������ transport diseases
16 Cell wall Made of cellulose. Supportscell
Preventing and
4. Resolving Smallest size microscope can show Cell division
power 17Chloroplasts Green and full of chlorophyll treating disease
Organisation and
18 Chlorophyll Absorbslight for photosynthesis
• Mitochondria Non-communicable
the digestive
• Cell membrane 19 Eukaryotic Animal cells and plantcells. Have cell diseases
5. Typical system
• Ribosomes cells membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
Animal cell
• Nucleus Organising Photosynthesis
• Cytoplasm 20Prokaryotic Bacteria.Do not have a nucleus. animals and
cells Genetic material is looped
plants Respiration
• Mitochondria
Particles spreading out in gas/liquid
• Cell membrane
Move from highlowconcentration Background
• Ribosomes
21 Diffusion
6. Typical • Nucleus Dissolved substanceslike O and CO
2 2 Big or small, all organisms are made of cells.
Plantcell • Cytoplasm move in/out of cells by diffusion
• Vacuole Normally too small to see without a
1. Differencein concentration
• Cell wall microscope, they are the building blocks of all
22 Factors
(concentration gradient)
• Chloroplasts affecting life: animals, plants, insects, microbes and us.
2. Temperature
diffusion
7. Photo- Reaction plantsuse to make 3. Surface area to diffuse through Maths skills
synthesis glucosefromlight, H O and CO
2 2
Diffusionof water through partially
Prefix Meaning Standard form
1. Sperm –tail to swim permeable membrane (surface that
8. Specialised
2. Nerve –carry electrical impulses 23 Osmosis only lets small particles through). Mega(M) x 1000000 x 106
animal cells
3. Muscle –contract and relax Moves from dilute solution more
kilo(k) x 1 000 x 103
concentrated solution
1. Root hair -absorb water and ions
9. Specialised milli(m) 1 000 x 10-3
2. Xylem –carry water and minerals 24 Active Moves substances from lowhigh
plant cells
3. Phloem –carry glucose to cells transport concentration. Needs energy nano(n) 1 000 000 000 x 10-9
Key points to learn Key points to learn
Trilogy B2: Cell Division
Process by which body cells Not differentiated. Can become Collins Revision Guide: Cell Biology
9. Stem cells
divide. Three stages: any type of cell that is needed
Knowledge Organiser
1. Copy: Two copies of
1. Fromembryos can become
chromosomes and internal
most types of human cell
cell structures
2. From adult bone marrow can Big picture (Biology Paper 1)
1. Cell cycle 2. Mitosis: Copies of
form many cells like red
chromosomes move and
blood cells Cells and Disease and
form two nuclei
organisation bioenergetics
3. Split: cytoplasm and cell 10. Human May be able to help conditions
membranes split to make stem cells like diabetes and paralysis Cell structure and Communicable
two identical cells transport diseases
Issues with use:
Preventing and
• Potential spread of virus or Cell division
2. Mitotic Makes two identicalcopies of treating disease
immune response
cell division cells. Used in growth and repair Organisation and
• Some people have ethical or Non-communicable
the digestive
3. Asexual Form of reproduction usingmitotic religious objections diseases
system
reproduction cell division to make clone cells
Plantstem cells. Can become any
Organising
Photosynthesis
Containslarge number of genes. type of plant cell at any time
animals and
11. Meristem
Made of DNA molecules
4. Used to clone: plants Respiration
cells
Chromosome Humanbody cells contain 23 • rare plants from extinction
pairs of chromosomes • crops with desirable features Background
5. Genes Instructionsfor a characteristic 1. Sperm – tail to swim
Taste buds are replaced approximately
12. Specialised 2. Nerve – carry electrical
6. DNA Molecules that make genes every 10days, skin cells every 14 days
animal cells impulses
and your lungs every 6 weeks. How can
3. Muscle – contract and relax
Stemcellscan formdifferent
this happen and how old are we really?
typesof specialised cells
1. Root hair - absorb water and
ions from soil
7. Cell Most animal stem cells Additional information
13. Specialised 2. Xylem –carry water and
differentiation differentiate early
plant cells minerals from roots
Many plant stem cells can 3. Phloem – carry glucose to •Vacuole
differentiate at any time cells •Cell wall
•Chloroplasts
Geneticallyidentical copy of a 14. Ethical Related to what a person thinks
8. Clone
cell or organism objections is morally good or ok
Key points to learn Key points to learn Trilogy B3: Organisation and the
1. Sperm – tail to swim 11. Mouth Chews food, releases saliva digestive system
1. Specialised
2. Nerve –carry electrical impulses
animal cells 12. Stomach Churns food.Partial digestion here Collins Revision Guide: Organisation
3. Muscle – contract and relax
Knowledge Organiser
13. Liver Makes bile to be stored in gall bladder
2. Tissue Groupof similar cells
14Pancreas Releases enzymes in small intestine Big picture
(Biology Paper 1)
Group of tissues
3. Organ
workingtogether 15. Small Majorityof digestion happens here.
Cells and Disease and
intestine Makes lots of enzymes
4. Organ Group of organs which organisation bioenergetics
16. Large
systems work together in organism Absorbs water
intestine Cell structure and Communicable
5. Digestive A group of organsthat digest transport diseases
Alkaline toneutralise stomach acid.
system and absorb food Preventing and
17. Bile Added at start of small intestine. Cell division
treating disease
Emulsifies fat into small droplets
Breaking large food molecules
6. Digestion Organisation and
into small soluble ones
Chemical which speeds up a reaction Non-communicable
18. Catalyst the digestive
without being used itself diseases
• Mouth system
• Gullet Biological catalysts
19. Enzyme Organising Photosynthesis
• Stomach Likea specific temperature and pH
animals and
7. Human • Liver Model showinghow enzymes work. plants Respiration
digestive • Gall-bladder
Substrates fit the enzyme active site,
system • Pancreas 20. Lock then react, turning into products Background
• Smallintestine and key Substrate
They ‘fit’ Products
• Large intestine theory Have you ever wondered why the human
• Anus body temperature is 37C or why the male
Active site Enzyme testes are outside the body? The answer is
Typesof sugars: glucose, starch,
8. cellulose. Used for energy 21 The sumof all the reactions in a cell or enzymes. They are also crucial for digestion…
Carbohydrate Metabolism the body of an organism
Test: Starchturns iodine bluey black Key points to learn
Enzymebreaks down protein. Made in
22 Protease
Used tomake enzymes, tissues and stomach, pancreas, small intestine
They are not alive so can’t die.
cells. Found in meat, fish, pulses, milk
9. Proteins 23 Lipase Enzymebreaks downlipids. Made in 25. Why
But they will change shape and
Test: Biuret reagent turns from pancreas, small intestine
youcan’t
‘denature’ at the wrong temperature
blueto purple
kill an
Type of carbohydrase enzyme. Breaks or acidity (pH)
24
enzyme
Fats and oilsmade of fatty acids down glucose. Made in salivary glands, Each one has an ideal temperature
10. Lipids Amylase
and glycerol pancreas, small intestine and pH they work best at.
Key points to learn Key points to learn Trilogy B4: Organising animals
and plants
A tissue ofplasma, red blood cells, Organ made of muscle that pumps
1.Blood
white blood cells and platelets blood in two loops around body
Collins Revision Guide: Organisation
Yellow liquid that transports: Right (thinwall) Left (thickwall)
Knowledge Organiser
• Red and White Blood cells Pulmonary Aorta (to
11. The Heart
2. Plasma • Waste carbon dioxide to lungs artery body) Big picture
(Biology Paper 1)
• Urea from liver to kidneys (to lungs)
• Digested nutrients to cells Pulmonary
Cells and Disease and
Vena cava vein(from
3. Red Biconcavediscs with no nucleus. (from body) Ventricles lungs) organisation bioenergetics
Packed with red haemoglobin that
blood cells
carries oxygen to body cells Organsfor gas Cell structure and Communicable
exchange. transport diseases
4. White Part of the body’s defenceagainst
Take in O
blood cells microorganisms release CO2 Cell division Preventing and
2 treating disease
12. The Lungs
5. Platelets Smallpieces form scabs over cuts Trachea Organisation and
Non-communicable
Bronchi the digestive
Transports substancesto/from body diseases
Lung system
cells. Made up of:
5. Alveoli
• Blood Organising Photosynthesis
Circulatory
• Blood vessels (arteries, veins and Thin sac-like structures animals and
system
capillaries) within the lungs. Covered in plants Respiration
13. Alveoli
• The Heart blood vessels to help gas
exchange
Carry blood away from your heart at Background
6. Arteries
highpressure Leaf–carries out photosynthesis
14. Plant
All living cells need glucose and oxygen for
Stem –supports
Carry blood back to your heart. Use organs
7. Veins Roots –takein water and minerals respiration. Getting these ingredients to the
valves to stopreverse blood flow
organism is only part of the struggle. How do
• Epidermal • Palisade
Networkof tiny, thin vessels
8. 15. Leaf tissue mesophyll you get them to the cells, keep them and get
connecting to every individual cell.
Capillaries structure • Xylem • Spongy rid of waste products? This topic finds out
Substances diffuse in/out of blood
cross-section • Phloem mesophyll
9. Coronary Blood vessels that supplyheart with • Guardcells • Stomata
arteries oxygen
16. Transport • Phloem –moves sugars
Processby which all living things get within plant • Xylem–moves water and ions Additional information
10.
energy from glucose and oxygen
Evaporation from leaf pulls water
(Aerobic) 17.
The heart was first labelled from behind. This
Glucose + OxygenCarbon + Water through plant xylem. Affected by
Respiration Transpiration
dioxide temperature, humidity, wind, light means the left and right sides are reversed.
Key points to learn Key points to learn Trilogy B5: Communicable
diseases
Largemicrobe 7. Causes of ill Pathogens, diet, stress, life
Living health situations/conditions Collins Revision Guide: Infection and response
Knowledge Organiser
Divideby splitting in two Cannot be transmittedfrom one
8. Non-
person to another
communicable
May produce toxinsto make us ill
1.Bacteria Big picture
diseases (Biology Paper 1)
Egheart disease, arthritis
Cause:
• Salmonella – foodpoisoning 9. Ignaz Doctor in mid-1850s whopersuaded Cells and Disease and
• Gonorrhoea – sexually Semmelweis doctors to wash their hands organisation bioenergetics
transmitted disease (STD)
10. Louis Showed that microbes caused Cell structure and Communicable
Pasteur disease. Developed vaccines transport diseases
Smallestmicrobe
Not alive Preventing and
An inactiveform of a pathogenused Cell division
11. Vaccines
treating disease
to prepare your immune system
Live and reproduce inside cells
Organisation and
1. Skinbarrier -covers your body Non-communicable
2. Viruses Cause: the digestive
2. Nose -hair and mucus act as trap diseases
• Measles–can be fatal 12. Human system
3. Trachea and bronchi –covered
• HIV –can turn into AIDS defences
in cilia and mucus Organising Photosynthesis
• Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) against
4. Stomach -makes acid to destroy animals and
affects photosynthesis in plants pathogens
5. Immune system –white blood plants Respiration
The other type of microbe. Living cells defend us in three ways
Cause: 13. Trachea Pipe frommouth to bronchi Background
3. Fungi
• Rose black spot – affects
14. Bronchi Pipe intoeach lung
photosynthesis in plants Nobody likes getting ill. To better avoid
15. Cilia Tiny hair-likecells
diseases, we need to understand what
Microbes/microorganisms that
1. Phagocytosis
cause diseases causes and how our bodies try and
4. Pathogens
ingest
defend us from them.
Spread by air, contactand water microbes
2. Produce antibodies
Infectiousdiseases that can be
5. passed from one person to 16. White chemicals to Additional information
Communicable another blood cells destroy microbes
diseases This topic links really well with B6 which
Caused bypathogens 3. Produce antitoxins
chemicalsto is all about how we can further defend
Is a protist disease. Spread by cancel-out toxins against these diseases.
6. Malaria
mosquito bites made by pathogens
Key points to learn Key points to learn Trilogy: B6 Preventing and
Largemicrobe. Living An inactiveform of a pathogenused treating diseases
to prepare your immune system
Collins Revision Guide: Infection and response
Divideby splitting in two
White blood cells are able to Knowledge Organiser
1.Bacteria May produce toxinsto make us ill 10. Vaccines
respond quickly toprevent infection
Cause: -Salmonella Big picture
MMR is a vaccine against mumps, (Biology Paper 1)
-Gonorrhoea
measles and rubella
Smallestmicrobe. Not alive Cells and Disease and
Medicines that kill specificbacteria.
organisation bioenergetics
Live and reproduce inside cells Greatly reduced deaths from
2. Viruses bacterial diseases Cell structure and Communicable
Cause: -Measles
transport diseases
-HIV Cannot killviruses
11. Antibiotics
-Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Cell division Preventing and
Some bacteria are becoming
treating disease
Microbes/microorganisms that resistant which is veryconcerning
Organisation and
cause diseases Non-communicable
3. Pathogens Alexander Fleming discovered the digestive
diseases
Spread by air, contactand water penicillin system
4. Communi- Infectiousdiseases that can be Needto be checked for toxicity Organising Photosynthesis
passed from person to person (safety), efficacy (effectiveness) and animals and
cable
dose
diseases plants Respiration
Caused bypathogens
Firsttrials are done using cells,
5. Louis Showed that microbes caused
12. Making tissues and live animals Background
Pasteur disease. Developed vaccines
new
Clinical trials use healthy volunteers
medicines
No effect on the pathogensbut do
and patient: Nobody likes getting ill. To better avoid
6. Painkillers reduce the symptoms of illness. Eg
1. Very low dosesat start of trial
diseases, we need to understand what
aspirin and paracetamol
2. If safe, more trials done
causes and how our bodies try and
3. In double blind trial some
7. Destroying Is very difficultwithout damaging
patients given placebo defend us from them.
viruses body tissue as they live inside cells
1. Phagocytosis
Medicines used to be extracted from
plants and microorganisms eg ingest microbes Additional information
8. Discovery
• Heartdrug digitalisfrom foxglove
of new drugs 2. Produce antibodies
• Painkiller aspirin from willow tree 13. White
chemicals to destroy microbes This topic links really well with B6 which
• Penicillin from mould blood cells
is all about how we can further defend
3. Produce antitoxins
A tabletwith no active medicine
chemicalsto cancel-out against these diseases.
9. Placebo
content
toxins made by pathogens
Key points to learn Key points to learn Trilogy B7: Non-communicable
diseases
Cannot be transmittedfrom one Are cancers
1. Non-
11.
person to another
communicable Invade neighbouring tissuesand Collins Revision Guide: Organisation
Malignant
diseases spread throughout body forming
Egheart disease, arthritis tumour Knowledge Organiser
secondary tumours
2. Causes of ill Pathogens, diet, stress, life
Big picture
Not cancers (Biology Paper 1)
health situations/conditions
12. Benign
Growths of abnormal cells in one area
Infectiousdiseases that can be Cells and Disease and
3. tumour
that do not invade other parts of the
Communicable passed from one person to another organisation bioenergetics
body
diseases
Caused bypathogens (microbes)
Cell structure and Communicable
• A defective immunesystem can
transport diseases
Layers offat build up inside 13. lead to more infections
coronary arteries, reducing blood Different • Viruses can trigger cancer Preventing and
Cell division
flow and oxygen for the heart diseasescan • Pathogens can trigger allergies treating disease
4. Coronary interact • Physical ill health can lead to Organisation and
Stents used to keep arteries open Non-communicable
heart disease depression and mental illness the digestive
diseases
Statinmedicines used to reduce system
Carbonmonoxide harms unborn babies
blood cholesterol levels which
Organising Photosynthesis
Carcinogens increase risk of cancers
reduces rate of fatty build up
14. Smoking animals and
Increases risk of coronary heart
5. Heart A failed heart can be replaced by and risk of plants Respiration
disease
failure a donor heart disease
Increases risk of lung disease and lung Background
6. Faulty heart Can be replaced by
cancer
valves biological/mechanical valves
A reported 25% of people in the UK are
Increases risk of coronary heart
15. Risks of
7. Coronary Blood vessels that supply the disease and high blood pressure now obese. Around 17% of adults smoke
diet, exercise
arteries heart
and obesity and many more consume alcohol. So,
Obesity can lead to Type 2 diabetes
Uncontrolled growth and division what are the risks of these lifestyle
Damages the liver and carcinogens
of cells
choices?
8. Cancer 16. Alcohol increase risk of liver cancer
Lifestyle and genetic factors can and risk of Maths skills
Affects brain function
increase risks of some cancers disease
Passes to and harms unborn babies Use scatter diagrams to
Lump or growth in a part of the
9. Tumour
identify correlation between
body EM Waves (UV rays, X-rays Gamma
17. Exposure
rays) and radioactive material factors.
to ionising
State of physicaland mental well-
10. Health being radiation Can increase risk of cancers Using samples to estimate population trends