Approaches to Second Language Acquisition PDF
Preview Approaches to Second Language Acquisition
cover next page > Page i Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Richard Towell and Roger Hawkins MULTILINGUAL MATTERS LTD Clevedon · Philadelphia · Adelaide title: Approaches to Second Language Acquisition author: Towell, Richard.; Hawkins, Roger publisher: Multilingual Matters isbn10 | asin: 1853592358 print isbn13: 9781853592355 ebook isbn13: 9780585171531 language: English subject Second language acquisition--Methodology. publication date: 1994 lcc: P118.2.T68 1994eb ddc: 418 subject: Second language acquisition--Methodology. cover next page > acquisition 43 Summary < previous page page_iii next page > < previous page page_ii next page > Page ii Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Towell, Richard Approaches to Second Language Acquisition/Richard Towell and Roger Hawkins p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Second language acquisition-Methodology. I. Hawkins, Roger (Roger D.) II. Title P118.2.T68 1994 418-dc20 93-50615 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 1-85359-235-8 (hbk) ISBN 1-85359-234-X (pbk) Multilingual Matters Ltd UK: Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon, Avon BS21 7SJ. USA:1900 Frost Road, Suite 101, Bristol, PA 19007, USA. Australia:P.O. Box 6025, 83 Gilles Street, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. Copyright © 1994 Richard Towell and Roger Hawkins All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Typeset, printed and bound in Great Britain by the Longdunn Press, Bristol. < previous page page_ii next page > < previous page page_iii next page > Page iii Contents Acknowledgements vii Introduction 1 1. The Observable Phenomena of Second Language Acquisition 7 7 There is transfer of properties of the L1 grammar into the L2 grammar 10 There is staged development in second language acquisition 11 There is systematicity in the growth of L2 knowledge across learners 13 There is variability in learners' intuitions about, and production of, aspects of the L2 at certain stages of development 14 Second language learners stop short of native-like success in a number of areas of the L2 grammar 15 Summary 2. Early Linguistic Approaches to Explaining the Observable Phenomena of Second Language Acquisition 17 17 The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis 18 Evaluation of the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis 23 The Natural Order Hypothesis 23 The morpheme studies 25 Krashen's five hypotheses 28 Evaluation of the Natural Order Hypothesis 31 Summary 3. Sociolinguistic Approaches to Explaining the Observable Phenomena of Second Language Acquisition 33 34 Tarone's approach 36 Ellis's approach 37 The acculturation/pidginisation approach 39 Evaluation of sociolinguistic approaches to second language acquisition 43 Summary < previous page page_iii next page > < previous page page_iv next page > Page iv 4. Cognitive Approaches to Explaining the Observable Phenomena of Second Language Acquisition 45 46 Pienemann's account 48 Wolfe Quintero's account 50 Evaluation of cognitive approaches to second language acquisition 54 General evaluation of the early linguistic, sociolinguistic and cognitive approaches to explaining the observable phenomena of second language acquisition 5. The Approach to Second Language Acquisition Based on Universal Grammar 57 58 Goals and assumptions of work on Universal Grammar 61 Principles and parameters 61 An analogy 61 The structure of phrases 65 Phrase structure and first language acquisition 68 Phrase structure and second language acquisition 71 Summary 6. Parametric Variation and Transfer in Second Language Acquisition 74 75 The structure of clauses 79 Parametric differences between German/Dutch and English/French 84 The transfer of L1 parameter values in the second language acquisition of word order properties in French and German 87 Transfer, parametric variation and differences between second and first language learners 92 Two kinds of parameter and differences between second language learners speaking different first languages. 97 Inclusive parameter values and the problem they pose for learnability in first language acquisition 98 Markedness 101 The subset principle 103 Transfer, inclusive parameter values, and the resetting of parameters in second language acquisition 104 Adverb placement in English and French 106 Parameter resetting versus parameter 'activation' in second language acquisition 107 Summary < previous page page_iv next page > < previous page page_v next page > Page v 7. Parametric Variation and Incompleteness in Second Language Acquisition 110 114 The pro-drop parameter 120 Verb movement in French and English 127 Summary 8. Parametric Variation, Staged Development and Cross-learner Systematicity in Second Language Acquisition 129 129 The logical and developmental problems in language acquisition 132 The logical and developmental problems in second language acquisition 140 Summary 9. Parametric Variation, Variability and the Limits of the Explanatory Power of Universal Grammar in Second Language Acquisition 142 151 Summary 10. Explanations of Variability 153 154 Variability is a pervasive phenomenon 155 Variability caused by differences in cognitive abilities and learning environments 155 Variability caused by the demands of different tasks 157 Variability caused by variable focus of attention 158 Variability caused by the use of formulaic language 159 Variability caused by the use of strategies 159 Three explanations for variability 162 Psychological Mechanisms 162 Short-term and long-term memory, controlled and automatic processing 165 A model of language production 171 Summary 11. Hypothesis Creation and Revision 174 177 Explicit instruction and negative feedback 183 Exposure to authentic data 185 Mental representation 192 Formulaic language seen in the light of changes in mental representation 197 Hypothesis revision 199 Summary < previous page page_v next page > < previous page page_vi next page > Page vi 12. The Development of Language Processing 201 202 ACT* 204 A production system 205 Declarative knowledge, working memory and interpretive procedures 209 Production memory and compilation 211 Matching, execution and application 211 Tuning: generalisation and discrimination 213 Processing different kinds of knowledge 213 Processing competence 215 Processing learned linguistic knowledge 216 Combining different kinds of knowledge in processing 217 Evaluation 218 Application 224 Summary 13. Approaches to Learner Strategies 226 229 Reduction and achievement strategies 232 The Nijmegen project 235 Analysis and control 238 Strategies based on declarative and procedural knowledge 243 Discussion 243 Summary 14. Towards a Model of Second Language Acquisition 245 246 An overall model 252
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