Applied thermodynamics PDF
Preview Applied thermodynamics
This page intentionally left blank Copyright © 2009, 2006, 2003, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to [email protected] ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2916-9 PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com Preface to the Third Edition I feel extremely encouraged at the good response to this textbook. Looking upon the feed back received from its readers third edition of the book is being presented here. In this edition number of solved and unsolved problems have been added in some of the chapters and a few new topics have also been added. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Professors and students for their valuable suggestions and recommending the book to their students and friends. I strongly feel that the book would prove to be further useful to students. I would be obliged for the errors, omissions and suggestions brought to my notice for improvement of the book in its next edition. Onkar Singh This page intentionally left blank Preface to the First Edition During teaching of the course of engineering thermodynamics and applied thermodynamics I have felt that the students at the undergraduate level of engineering and technology face difficulty in understanding the concepts of engineering thermodynamics and their applications in the course of applied thermodynamics. Also, the students face great difficulty in referring to the number of text- books for different topics. The present book is an effort in the direction of presenting the concepts of engineering thermodynamics and their applications in clear, concise and systematic manner at one place. Presentation is made in very simple and easily understandable language and well supported with wide ranging illustrations and numerical problems. The subject matter in this book covers the syllabus of the basic and advanced course on engineering thermodynamics/thermal engineering being taught in different institutions and universi- ties across the country. There are total 18 chapters in this book. The initial seven chapters cover the basic course on engineering thermodynamics and remaining chapters cover the advanced course in thermal engineering. These deal with “Fundamental concepts and definitions”, “Zeroth law and thermodynamics”, “First law of thermodynamics”, “Second law of thermodynamics”, “Entropy”, “Availability and general thermodynamic relations”, “Thermodynamic properties of pure substances”, “Fuels and combustion”, “Boilers and boiler calculations”, “Vapour power cycles”, “Gas power cycles”, “Steam engines”, “Nozzles”, “Steam turbines, Steam condenser”, “Reciprocating and rota- tory compressors”, “Introduction to internal combustion engines” and “Introduction to refrigeration and air conditioning”. Each chapter has been provided with sufficient number of typical numerical problems of solved and unsolved type. The book is written in SI system of units and the various tables such as steam tables, refrigeration tables, Mollier chart, psychrometry chart etc. are also provided at the end of the book for quick reference. I hope that the students and teachers referring to this book will find it useful. I am highly indebted to my family members for their continuous encouragement and coopera- tion during the preparation of manuscript. I would like to place on record my gratitude and apologies to my wife Parvin and kids Sneha and Prateek who patiently endured certain neglect and hardships due to my preoccupation with the preparation of this manuscript. I am thankful to AICTE, New Delhi for the financial support provided to me in the Young Teacher Career Award. I am also thankful to Mr. L.N. Mishra and other staff members of New Age International for their cooperation throughout the preparation of the textbook. At the end I thank to all those who supported directly or indirectly in the preparation of this book. I shall be extremely grateful to all the readers of text book for their constructive criticism, indicating any errors and omissions etc. for improving its quality and form. Onkar Singh This page intentionally left blank C O N T E N T S Preface to the third edition (v) Preface to the first edition (vii) Chapter 1 Fundamental Concepts and Definitions 1 1.1 Introduction and definition of thermodynamics 1 1.2 Dimensions and units 1 1.3 Concept of continuum 3 1.4 Systems, surroundings and universe 4 1.5 Properties and state 5 1.6 Thermodynamic path, process and cycle 5 1.7 Thermodynamic equilibrium 6 1.8 Reversibility and irreversibility 7 1.9 Quasi-static process 7 1.10 Some thermodynamic properties 8 1.11 Energy and its forms 11 1.12 Heat and work 13 1.13 Gas laws 14 1.14 Ideal gas 14 1.15 Dalton’s law, Amagat’s law and property of mixture of gases 15 1.16 Real gas 17 1.17 Vander Waals and other equations of state for real gas 20 Examples 22 Exercises 38 Chapter 2 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 40 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 Principle of temperature measurement and Zeroth law of thermodynamics 40 2.3 Temperature scales 42 2.4 Temperature measurement 43 Examples 46 Exercises 49 Chapter 3 First Law of Thermodynamics 50 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Thermodynamic processes and calculation of work 50 3.3 Non-flow work and flow work 57 3.4 First law of thermodynamics 59 3.5 Internal energy and enthalpy 62 3.6 Specific heats and their relation with internal energy and enthalpy 63
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