Applied Social Psychology: Understanding and Managing Social Problems PDF
Preview Applied Social Psychology: Understanding and Managing Social Problems
Applied Social Psychology Appliedsocialpsychologycombinesthescienceofsocialpsychologywith the practical application of solving social problems that exist in the real world.Thisexcitingnewtextbookprovidesathoroughexplanationofhow social psychologists can contribute to the understanding and management ofdifferentsocialproblems.Ahighlyprestigiousteamofcontributorsfrom acrossEuropeandtheUnitedStatesillustratehowsocialpsychologicalthe- ories, research methods and intervention techniques can be successfully applied to social problems encountered in the fields of physical and men- talhealth,integrationandimmigrationissues,genderissues,organizational issues, economic behaviour, political behaviour, environmental behaviour and education. Each field studied features an overview of important prob- lems,theroleofhumanbehaviourintheseproblems,thefactorsinfluencing relevant behaviour, and effective ways to change this behaviour. This is an essential volume for all undergraduate and graduate students studying appliedsocialpsychology. linda steg is Associate Professor in Environmental Psychology at the UniversityofGroningen. abraham p. buunk is Academy Professor on behalf of the Royal NetherlandsAcademyofArtsandSciencesandProfessorofEvolutionary SocialPsychologyattheUniversityofGroningen. talib rothengatter is Professor of Applied Psychology at the UniversityofGroningen. Applied Social Psychology Understanding and Managing Social Problems Editedby Linda Steg, Abraham P. Buunk and Talib Rothengatter cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521690058 (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2008 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2008 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-521-86979-9hardback ISBN978-0-521-69005-8paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents Listoffigures page xi Listoftables xiv Listofboxes xv Listofcontributors xvii Acknowledgements xix 1 Introductiontoappliedsocialpsychology 1 linda steg and talib rothengatter Introduction:socialproblemsandhumancognitionandbehaviour 1 Definitionofappliedsocialpsychology 4 Correspondencebetweenbasicandappliedsocialpsychology 8 Developingandtestingtheories 8 Basicandappliedsocialpsychologyasscience 9 Goalsofscience 11 Causesofbehaviourandcognitions 12 Featuresofappliedsocialpsychology 15 Theroleofpersonalvalues 15 Theuseofmultipletheories,interventiontechniquesand researchmethods 17 Interdisciplinaryresearch 18 Fieldsettings 19 Socialutility 20 Rolesofappliedsocialpsychologists 22 Overviewofthebook 24 2 TheUSEoftheoryinappliedsocialpsychology 28 p. wesley schultz and mica estrada-hollenbeck Introduction 28 Theroleoftheoryinthefieldofappliedsocialpsychology 29 Theories,principlesandconstructs 32 Social-psychologicaltheories 35 Socialthinking 35 Socialinfluence 39 Socialrelationships 42 v vi Contents Thingstoconsiderwhenusingtheoryinappliedwork 47 Howbasic,appliedanduse-inspiredresearchers developtheory 49 3 Applicationsofsocialpsychologytoincreasetheimpactof behaviour-focusedintervention 57 philip k. lehman and e. scott geller Introduction 57 Abehaviour-analysisapproachtointervention 57 Behaviouralinterventionstrategies 59 Antecedentstrategies 59 Consequencestrategies 62 Enhancinginterventionsthroughsocialinfluence 67 Consistency 67 Authority 75 Liking 76 Reciprocity 77 Scarcity 79 4 Researchdesignsinappliedsocialpsychology 87 melissa burkley and hart blanton Researchdesignsinappliedsocialpsychology 87 Selectingaresearchmethod 87 Trueexperiments:maximizingprecision 89 Definingfeaturesoftrueexperiments 89 Advantagesoftrueexperiments 90 Disadvantagesoftrueexperiments 94 Minimizingthedisadvantagesoftrueexperiments 95 Correlationalresearch:generalizingtosituations 97 Definingfeaturesofcorrelationalresearch 97 Advantagesofcorrelationalresearch 99 Disadvantagesofcorrelationalresearch 99 Minimizingthedisadvantagesofcorrelationalstudies 100 Quasi-experiments:compromisingbetweenprecisionand generalizabilitytosituations 103 Definingfeaturesofquasi-experimentalresearch 103 Advantagesofquasi-experimentalresearch 106 Disadvantagesofquasi-experimentalresearch 107 Surveyresearch:generalizingtopeople 107 Definingfeaturesofsurveyresearch 108 Advantagesofsurveyresearch 110 Disadvantagesofsurveyresearch 110 Minimizingdisadvantagesofsurveyresearch 111 Contents vii 5 Socialpsychologyandeconomicbehaviour:heuristicsand biasesindecisionmakingandjudgement 117 w. fred van raaij Introduction 117 Economictheoryofutilitymaximization 117 Anomalies 118 Social-psychologicalfactors 119 Personal,socialandsituationalreference 119 Personalreference 119 Socialreference 120 Situationalreference 121 Lossaversion 122 Introduction 122 Endowmenteffect 130 Status-quobias 131 Sunk-costseffect 132 Timepreference 133 Towardsanew‘rationality’ofeconomicbehaviourofconsumers, investorsandentrepreneurs 135 Appliedsocialpsychologyincontext 136 6 Socialpsychologyandimmigration:relationsbetween immigrantsandhostsocieties 141 jan pieter van oudenhoven, charles judd and colleen ward Introduction 141 Migrationandculturaldiversityinthetwenty-firstcentury 141 Acculturationtheoryandresearch 143 One-dimensionalmodelsofacculturation 143 Multidimensionalmodelsofacculturation 144 Social-psychologicaltheoriesandresearch 149 Acculturationresearchandsocial-psychologicaltheories 152 Interventions 154 Appliedsocialpsychologyincontext:theinfluenceofglobalization onhost–immigrantrelationships 155 7 Applyingsocialpsychologytotheclassroom 162 pascal huguet and hans kuyper Introduction 162 Socialcomparison 163 Upwardsocialcomparisonintheclassroom 165 Students’‘Theories’ofintelligenceandacademicself-concept 168 Entityversusincrementaltheoryofintelligence 168 viii Contents Academicself-conceptoffailureandperformance 169 Academicself-conceptofsuccessandtheBFLPE 173 Stereotypethreat:theroleofnegativestereotypes 175 Classroomclimate 176 Appliedsocialpsychologyincontext 177 Finalthoughts 178 8 Socialpsychologyandenvironmentalproblems 184 linda steg and robert gifford Introduction 184 Environmentalinfluencesonwell-beingandbehaviour 185 Effectsofbehaviourontheenvironment 188 Environmentalproblemsandhumanbehaviour 188 Understandingenvironmentalbehaviour 189 Promotingpro-environmentalbehaviour 198 Appliedsocialpsychologyincontext 201 9 Genderissuesinworkandorganizations 206 tineke m. willemsen and annelies e. m. van vianen Introduction 206 Womenandmenatwork 206 Quantitativedifferences 206 Qualitativedifferences 207 Earlystudies 207 Stereotypingmen,womenandjobs 208 Women’schoicesanddecisionsregardingjobsandcareers 209 Self-efficacy 210 Outcomeexpectancies 210 Selectionandassessment 211 Gendertypingofapplicantsandtheirbehaviours 212 Gendertypingofjobs 213 Explainingtheglassceiling 213 Gendertypingofleadershipandmanagement 214 Genderdifferencesinleadershipstyleandeffectiveness 214 Emergentleadership 215 Structureandcultureoforganizations 217 Structure 217 Organizationalculture 218 Interventions 218 Appliedsocialpsychologyincontext:whatotherdisciplinessay aboutgenderdifferencesinwork 220 Economics:humancapitaltheory 220 Economics:statisticaldiscriminationtheory 221 Sociology:socializationtheory 221 Contents ix 10 Socialpsychologyofhealthandillness 226 arie dijkstra and alexander rothman Descriptionofproblemsinthefield 226 Thesocietalburdenofunhealthybehaviours 226 Thesocietalburdenofchronicillnesses 228 Contributionsofsocialpsychologytopreventandsolvehealth problems 228 Understandinghealthandillnessbehaviours 229 Motivationandself-efficacyexpectations 229 Initiationandimplementationofbehaviour 232 Illnessbehaviour 233 Stagemodels 235 Researchmethodstoassesschangesovertime 236 Promotinghealthbehaviour 237 Tailoringmessages 238 Framingmessages 242 Appliedsocialpsychologyincontext 243 11 Socialpsychologyandmentalhealth 249 abraham p. buunk and pieternel dijkstra Introduction 249 Disturbedbodyimage 249 Genderdifferencesinbodyimage 251 Consequencesofdisturbancesinbodyimage 252 Theoreticalexplanationsofdisturbedbodyimage 253 Preventingbodyimagedisturbances 254 Depression 255 Genderdifferencesindepression 256 Socialcomparisontheoryanddepression 256 Preventingdepression 257 Relationshipproblems 259 Attachmenttheory 260 Attachmentstyleandrelationshipquality 260 Socialexchangeandinterdependencetheory 262 Preventingrelationshipproblems 264 Appliedsocialpsychologyincontext 266 12 Socialpsychologyandmodernorganizations:balancing betweeninnovativenessandcomfort 271 karen van der zee and paul paulus Introduction 271 Socialcontextofmodernorganizations 271 Strengthsofactiveexploration 273 Socialidentitytheory 276
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