ebook img

Applied Physics PDF

509 Pages·2009·4.157 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Applied Physics

A text book of APPLIED PHYSICS AApppplliieedd PPhhyyssiiccss FFMM..iinndddd ii 99//2255//22000099 77::1166::0055 PPMM This page is intentionally left blank. AApppplliieedd PPhhyyssiiccss FFMM..iinndddd iiii 99//2255//22000099 77::1166::0066 PPMM A text book of APPLIED PHYSICS Dr. S. Mani Naidu M.Sc., Ph.D., P.G.D.C.A. Associate Professor of Physics Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh AApppplliieedd PPhhyyssiiccss FFMM..iinndddd iiiiii 99//2255//22000099 77::1166::0066 PPMM Copyright © 2010 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher’s prior written consent. This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time. ISBN 9788131724958 eISBN 9789332500846 Head Office: A-8(A), Sector 62, Knowledge Boulevard, 7th Floor, NOIDA 201 309, India Registered Office: 11 Local Shopping Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India AApppplliieedd PPhhyyssiiccss FFMM..iinndddd iivv 99//2255//22000099 77::1166::0066 PPMM Contents Foreword xiv Preface xv Acknowledgements xvi Road Map to the Syllabus – JNTU Hyderabad xvii Chapter 1 Bonding in Solids 1.1 1.1 Diff erent types of bonding in solids 1.1 1.2 Cohesive energy and estimation of cohesive energy of ionic solids 1.4 1.3 Estimation of cohesive energy of NaCl molecule in a solid 1.8 1.4 Madelung constant 1.9 Formulae 1.10 Solved Problems 1.11 Multiple Choice Questions 1.14 Answers 1.16 Review Questions 1.16 Chapter 2 Crystal Structures 2.1 2.1 Introduction 2.1 2.2 Space lattice (or) crystal lattice 2.2 2.3 Th e basis and crystal structure 2.3 AApppplliieedd PPhhyyssiiccss FFMM..iinndddd vv 99//2255//22000099 77::1166::0066 PPMM vi Contents 2.4 Unit cell and lattice parameters 2.3 2.5 Crystal systems and Bravais lattices 2.4 2.6 Structure and packing fractions of simple cubic [SC] structure 2.8 2.7 Structure and packing fractions of body-centred cubic structure [BCC] 2.9 2.8 Structure and packing fractions of face-centred cubic [FCC] structure 2.10 2.9 Diamond cubic structure 2.11 2.10 NaCl crystal structure 2.12 2.11 Caesium chloride [CsCl] structure 2.13 2.12 Zinc sulphide [ZnS] structure 2.14 2.13 Stacking sequence in metallic crystals 2.14 2.14 Calculation of lattice constant 2.15 Solved Problems 2.16 Multiple Choice Questions 2.18 Answers 2.21 Review Questions 2.21 Chapter 3 Crystal Planes, X-ray Diffraction and Defects in Solids 3.1 3.1 Crystal planes, directions and Miller indices 3.1 3.2 Distance of separation between successive hkl planes 3.4 3.3 Imperfections in crystals 3.7 3.4 Energy for the formation of a vacancy and number of vacancies at euqilibrium concentration 3.10 3.5 Diff raction of X-rays by crystal planes and Bragg’s law 3.14 3.6 Powder Method 3.16 3.7 Laue Method 3.17 Formulae 3.18 Solved Problems 3.19 Multiple Choice Questions 3.25 Answers 3.30 Review Questions 3.31 AApppplliieedd PPhhyyssiiccss FFMM..iinndddd vvii 99//2255//22000099 77::1166::0066 PPMM vii Contents Chapter 4 Elements of Statistical Mechanics and Principles of Quantum Mechanics 4.1 4.1 Introduction 4.1 4.2 Phase space 4.1 4.3 Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution 4.1 4.4 Fermi–Dirac distribution 4.3 4.5 Bose–Einstein distribution 4.5 4.6 Comparison of Maxwell–Boltzmann, Fermi– Dirac and Bose–Einstein distributions 4.7 4.7 Photon gas 4.7 4.8 Concept of electron gas and Fermi energy 4.7 4.9 Density of electron states 4.8 4.10 Black body radiation 4.10 4.11 Waves and particles—de Broglie hypothesis— Matter waves 4.12 4.12 Relativistic correction 4.14 4.13 Planck’s quantum theory of black body radiation 4.17 4.14 Experimental study of matter waves 4.19 4.14 Schrödinger’s time-independent wave equation 4.25 4.15 Heisenberg uncertainty principle 4.28 4.16 Physical signifi cance of the wave function 4.30 4.17 Particle in a potential box 4.31 Formulae 4.39 Solved Problems 4.41 Multiple Choice Questions 4.46 Answers 4.51 Review Questions 4.51 Chapter 5 Electron Theory of Metals 5.1 5.1 Introduction 5.1 5.2 Classical free electron theory of metals 5.2 5.3 Relaxation time, mean free path, mean collision time and drift velocity 5.5 5.4 Fermi-Dirac distribution 5.7 5.5 Quantum free electron theory of electrical conduction 5.8 AApppplliieedd PPhhyyssiiccss FFMM..iinndddd vviiii 99//2255//22000099 77::1166::0077 PPMM viii Contents 5.6 Sources of electrical resistance 5.11 5.7 Band theory of solids 5.12 5.8 Bloch theorem 5.19 5.9 Origin of energy bands formation in solids 5.21 5.10 Velocity and eff ective mass of an electron 5.21 5.11 Distinction between metals, semiconductors and insulators 5.24 Formulae 5.26 Solved Problems 5.27 Multiple Choice Questions 5.34 Answers 5.38 Review Questions 5.38 Chapter 6 Dielectric Properties 6.1 6.1 Introduction 6.1 6.2 Dielectric constant 6.1 6.3 Internal or local fi eld 6.2 6.4 Clausius–Mosotti relation 6.4 6.5 Orientational, ionic and electronic polarizations 6.7 6.6 Frequency dependence of polarizability: [Dielectrics in alternating fi elds] 6.12 6.7 Piezoelectricity 6.17 6.8 Ferroelectricity 6.18 6.9 Frequency dependence of dielectric constant 6.20 6.10 Important requirements of insulators 6.21 Formulae 6.23 Solved Problems 6.23 Multiple Choice Questions 6.29 Answers 6.33 Review Questions 6.33 Chapter 7 Magnetic Properties 7.1 7.1 Magnetic permeability 7.1 7.2 Magnetization (M ) 7.2 AApppplliieedd PPhhyyssiiccss FFMM..iinndddd vviiiiii 99//2255//22000099 77::1166::0077 PPMM ix Contents 7.3 Origin of magnetic moment – Bohr magneton – electron spin 7.2 7.4 Classifi cation of magnetic materials 7.5 7.5 Classical theory of diamagnetism (Langevin theory) 7.6 7.6 Th eory of paramagnetism 7.9 7.7 Domain theory of ferromagnetism 7.12 7.8 Hysteresis curve 7.16 7.9 Anti-ferromagnetic substances 7.17 7.10 Ferrimagnetic substances [Ferrites] 7.19 7.11 Soft and hard magnetic materials 7.20 7.12 Applications of ferrites 7.21 Formulae 7.22 Solved Problems 7.22 Multiple Choice Questions 7.25 Answers 7.29 Review Questions 7.29 Chapter 8 Semiconductors and Physics of Semiconductor Devices 8.1 8.1 Introduction 8.1 8.2 Intrinsic semiconductors – carrier concentration 8.1 8.3 Electrical conductivity of a semiconductor 8.10 8.4 Extrinsic semiconductors 8.14 8.5 Carrier concentration in extrinsic semiconductors 8.17 8.6 Minority carrier life time 8.19 8.7 Drift and diff usion currents 8.22 8.8 Einstein’s relations 8.24 8.9 Continuity equation 8.25 8.10 Hall eff ect 8.29 8.11 Direct and indirect band gap semiconductors 8.31 8.12 Formation of p-n junction 8.33 8.13 Energy band diagram of p-n diode 8.36 8.14 Diode equation 8.37 8.15 p-n junction biasing 8.37 AApppplliieedd PPhhyyssiiccss FFMM..iinndddd iixx 99//2255//22000099 77::1166::0077 PPMM

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.