Applied Physical Chemistry with Multidisciplinary Approaches PDF
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APPLIED PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY WITH MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES Innovations in Physical Chemistry: Monograph Series APPLIED PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY WITH MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES Edited by A. K. Haghi, PhD Devrim Balköse, PhD Sabu Thomas, PhD Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc. 3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Canada Waretown, NJ 08758 USA © 2018 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-606-2 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-16941-5 (eBook) All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and re- cording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or its distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowl- edged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and identification without intent to infringe. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Applied physical chemistry with multidisciplinary approaches / edited by A.K. Haghi, PhD, Devrim Balköse, PhD, Sabu Thomas, PhD. (Innovations in physical chemistry: monograph series) Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued in print and electronic formats. ISBN 978-1-77188-606-2 (hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-315-16941-5 (PDF) 1. Chemistry, Physical and theoretical. 2. Chemistry, Technical. I. Thomas, Sabu, editor II. Balköse, Devrim, editor III. Haghi, A. K., editor IV. Series: Innovations in physical chemistry. Monograph series QD453.3.A67 2018 541 C2018-900170-4 C2018-900171-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Haghi, A. K., editor. | Balköse, Devrim, editor. | Thomas, Sabu, editor. Title: Applied physical chemistry with multidisciplinary approaches / editors, A.K. Haghi, PhD, Devrim Balköse, PhD, Sabu Thomas, PhD. Description: Toronto : Apple Academic Press, 2018. | Series: Innovations in physical chemistry. Monograph series | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018000021 (print) | LCCN 2018000709 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315169415 (ebook) | ISBN 9781771886062 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Chemistry, Physical and theoretical. | Chemistry, Technical. Classification: LCC QD453.3 (ebook) | LCC QD453.3 .A67 2018 (print) | DDC 541--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018000021 Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products, visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com ABOUT THE EDITORS A. K. Haghi, PhD A. K. Haghi, PhD, is the author and editor of 165 books, as well as 1000 published papers in various journals and conference proceedings. Dr. Haghi has received several grants, consulted for a number of major corporations, and is a frequent speaker to national and international audiences. Since 1983, he served as professor at several universities. He is currently Editor- in-Chief of the International Journal of Chemoinformatics and Chemical Engineering and Polymers Research Journal and on the editorial boards of many international journals. He is also a member of the Canadian Research and Development Center of Sciences and Cultures (CRDCSC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He holds a BSc in urban and environmental engineering from the University of North Carolina (USA), an MSc in mechanical engi- neering from North Carolina A&T State University (USA), a DEA in applied mechanics, acoustics and materials from the Université de Technologie de Compiègne (France), and a PhD in engineering sciences from the Université de Franche-Comté (France). Devrim Balköse, PhD Devrim Balköse, PhD, is currently a retired faculty member in the Chem- ical Engineering Department at Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey. She graduated from the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey, with a degree in chemical engineering. She received her MS and PhD degrees from Ege University, Izmir, Turkey, in 1974 and 1977, respectively. She became Associate Professor in macromolecular chemistry in 1983 and Professor in process and reactor engineering in 1990. She worked as a research assistant, assistant professor, associate professor, and professor between 1970 and 2000 at Ege University. She was the Head of the Chemical Engineering Department at Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey, between 2000 and 2009. She is now a retired faculty member in the same department. Her research interests are in polymer reaction engineering, polymer foams and films, adsorbent devel- opment, and moisture sorption. Her research projects are on nanosized zinc borate production, ZnO polymer composites, zinc borate lubricants, antistatic additives, and metal soaps. vi About the Editors Sabu Thomas, PhD Sabu Thomas, PhD, is a Professor of Polymer Science and Engineering at the School of Chemical Sciences and Director of the International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology at Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India. The research activities of Professor Thomas include surfaces and interfaces in multiphase polymer blend and composite systems; phase separation in polymer blends; compatibilization of immiscible polymer blends; thermoplastic elastomers; phase transitions in polymers; nanostructured polymer blends; macro-, micro- and nano- composites; polymer rheology; recycling; reactive extrusion; processing– morphology–property relationships in multiphase polymer systems; double networking of elastomers; natural fibers and green composites; rubber vulcanization; interpenetrating polymer networks; diffusion and transport; and polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering. He has supervised 68 PhD theses, 40 MPhil theses, and 45 Masters theses. He has three patents to his credit. He also received the coveted Sukumar Maithy Award for the best polymer researcher in the country for the year 2008. Very recently, Professor Thomas received the MRSI and CRSI medals for his excellent work. With over 600 publications to his credit and over 23,683 citations, with an h-index of 75, Dr. Thomas has been ranked fifth in India as one of the most produc- tive scientists. INNOVATIONS IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: MONOGRAPH SERIES This new book series, Innovations in Physical Chemistry: Monograph Series, offers a comprehensive collection of books on physical principles and mathematical techniques for majors, non-majors, and chemical engi- neers. Because there are many exciting new areas of research involving computational chemistry, nanomaterials, smart materials, high-performance materials, and applications of the recently discovered graphene, there can be no doubt that physical chemistry is a vitally important field. Physical chemistry is considered a daunting branch of chemistry— it is grounded in physics and mathematics and draws on quantum mechanics, thermody- namics, and statistical thermodynamics. Innovations in Physical Chemistry has been carefully developed to help readers increase their confidence when using physics and mathematics to answer fundamental questions about the structure of molecules, how chem- ical reactions take place, and why materials behave the way they do. Modern research is featured throughout also, along with new developments in the field. Editors-in-Chief A. K. Haghi, PhD Editor-in-Chief, International Journal of Chemoinformatics and Chemical Engineering and Polymers Research Journal; Member, Canadian Research and Development Center of Sciences and Cultures (CRDCSC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada Email: [email protected] Lionello Pogliani, PhD University of Valencia-Burjassot, Spain Email: [email protected] Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, PhD Researcher, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Portugal Email: [email protected] viii Innovations in Physical Chemistry: Monograph Series BOOKS IN THE SERIES • High-Performance Materials and Engineered Chemistry • Applied Physical Chemistry with Multidisciplinary Approaches • Methodologies and Applications for Analytical and Physical Chemistry • Physical Chemistry for Engineering and Applied Sciences: Theoretical and Methodological Implication • Theoretical Models and Experimental Approaches in Physical Chemistry: Research Methodology and Practical Methods • Engineering Technology and Industrial Chemistry with Applications • Modern Physical Chemistry: Engineering Models, Materials, and Methods with Applications • Engineering Technologies for Renewable and Recyclable Materials: Physical-Chemical Properties and Functional Aspects • Physical Chemistry for Chemists and Chemical Engineers: Multidis- ciplinary Research Perspectives • Chemical Technology and Informatics in Chemistry with Applications CONTENTS List of Contributors .......................................................................................xi List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................xv Preface ........................................................................................................xix PART I: Applications of Polymers ............................................................1 1. Smart Polymers: A Smart Approach to Life ................................................3 Ajith James Jose, Mekha Susan Rajan, Anjalipriya S, and Sam John 2. An Assessment on Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Stack Components ........................................................................23 Arunkumar Jayakumar 3. Theoretical Studies on Molecular Designing of Novel Electrically Conducting Polymers Using Genetic Algorithm ........................................51 Vinita Kapoor 4. Spectral Tuning of P3HT/PTCDA Bulk Hetero P–N Junction Blend for Plastic Solar Cell ..........................................................................81 Ishwar Naik, Rajashekhar Bhajantri, and Jagadish Naik 5. Design Strategies of Polymer for High-Performance Organic Photovoltaics .................................................................................107 Meha J. Prajapati and Kiran R. Surati 6. An Overview on Li–S Battery and Its Challenges ...................................135 Raghvendra Kumar Mishra, Aswathy Vasudevan, and Sabu Thomas PART II: Innovations in Life Chemistry .............................................159 7. Density Clustering for Automatic Lesion Detection in Diabetic Retinopathy from Eye Background Images ..............................161 Carolina Travassos, Raquel Monteiro, Sara Pires de Oliveira, Carla Baptista, Francisco Carrilho, and Pedro Furtado 8. Reflections on Artemisinin: Proposed Molecular Mechanism of Bioactivity and Resistance ..........................................................................189 Francisco Torrens, Lucía Redondo, and Gloria Castellano
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