Applied Optical Measurements PDF
Preview Applied Optical Measurements
Heat and Mass Transfer Series Editors: D. Mewes and F. Mayinger Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH Markus Lehner· Dieter Mewes (Eds.) Applied Optical Measurements Assisted by Udo Dinglreiter and Robert Tauscher With 270 Figures Springer Series Editors Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Mewes Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E.h. Franz Mayinger Institut fur Verfahrenstechnik Technische UniversitătMunchen U niversită t Hannover Lehrstuhl A fUr Thermodynamik CallinstraBe 36 BoltzmannstraBe 15 30167 Hannover, Germany 85748 Garching, Germany Editors Dr.-Ing. MarkusLehner Rauschert Verfahrenstechnik Pa ul-Rauschert- StraBe 6 96349 Steinwiesen, Germany Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Mewes Institut fur Verfahrenstechnik U niversităt Hannover CallinstraBe 36 30167 Hannover, Germany ISBN 978-3-642-63620-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek -CIP -Einheitsaufnahme Applied optical measurements / Markus Lehner ; Dieter Mewes (ed.). Assisted by Udo Dinglreiter and Robert Tauscher. -Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Hong Kong; London ; Milan ; Paris; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 1999 (International series in heat and mass transfer) ISBN 978-3-642-63620-2 ISBN 978-3-642-58496-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-58496-1 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution act under German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1999 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Camera-ready by editors Production: ProduServ GmbH, Berlin; Cover design: de'blik, Berlin SPIN:10706674 61/3020-543210 -Printed on acid -free paper Dedicated to Professor Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E.h. Franz Mayinger ProfessorFranz Mayinger Preface With the rapid development of computer-aided data processing in the past few decades,the applicationofopticalmeasurementtechniques has becomeevermore important. Experimental work today in the fields ofheat and mass transfer, fluid dynamics and combustion relies on these methods. Theiradvantages are obvious: optical techniques are non-intrusive, so data are obtained without disturbing the process to be investigated. Measurements are performed directly - in situ - so errors caused by changes in properties, for example, are avoided. Additionally, many optical techniques permit on-line measurements, give detailed insight into thermodynamic and fluid dynamic situations with high local and temporal resolution, orprovide information inthreedimensions. Besides a profoundknowledge ofthe theoretical fundamentals involved, using these techniques requires practical experience. The development of new applications for optical techniques can involve combining different methods, using new evaluation algorithms or applying well-known methods to new fields. Thisbookprovidesacompilationofcontributionsrelatedto opticalmeasurements in the fields of heat and mass transfer, multiphase flow and combustion phenomena. Attention is mainly directed to engineering applications in order to give the reader an impression ofthe possibilities ofthese methods beyond mere theoretical fundamentals. This book discusses both the variety of application fields and the diversity of optical methods available. Thus, it should become a useful addition to the various treatises on the fundamentals of optical measurements1. The reader will find that some articles in the book do not deal directly with optical measurementtechniques. These articles frequently give a summary ofthe state-of-science of an investigated subject or introduce other "conventional" measurement techniques. These methods continue to play an important role and maybeausefulalternativeoradditiontoopticalmeasurement. Everyone involved in experimental research knows that time and money are limited, and that laboratory results mustfrequently be scaledup to work in larger plants. Onlythe combination ofexperimental work and theoretical study can lead to the success desired. This issue is considered in a sophisticated way in an epilogue which forms a valuable addition to the optical techniques introduced previously. I Theeditorshighlyrecommend:Mayinger,F(ed)(1994)OpticalMeasurements.Techniques andApplications.Springer,Berlin. x The editors gratefully acknowledge the contributions ofall the authors, most of whom are internationally recognised experts in their respective fields. The high technical quality of this monograph owes much to their efforts. We cordially thank Dr. Hubertus von Riedesel and Mrs. Erdmuthe Raufelder of Springer Science Publishers, Heidelberg, for their lively interest in completing this book andforalltheyhavedoneto bringthis projecton its way. The development and application of optical measurement techniques is inseparably linked to the efforts of Professor Franz Mayinger. His personality unites an outstanding knowledge in engineering science, an inexhaustible activity and the ability to thinkand to work interdisciplinary and interdependently. Under his supervision generations of students and doctorate candidates were and are leadedtoscientific,butparticularlytosuccessfulthinkingandworking. This book is published on the occasion ofthe retirement of Professor Franz Mayinger. The editors and the authors dedicate this book and their contributions tothis outstandingscientistwhostands in along and fabulous tradition as headof the "Lehrstuhl A fur Thermodynamik" at the Technical University of Munich (1981-1999), a department that was headed by Wilhelm Nusselt, Ernst Schmidt and Ulrich Grigull before him. FranzMayinger has earned numerous awards and honours for his professional contributions. Among other distinctions he was honoured by the very prestigious Max-Jacob-Memorial Award of ASME and AIChEandthe honorary doctortitle ofthe UniversityofHannover, the university where he began his university career as professor ofprocess engineering (1969 1981). Professor Mayinger has done more than develop the scientific methods which form the basisofthis book. His interpersonal skills have been as invaluable as his technical and scientific abilities in solving organisational and managerial problems and in contributing to society. A colleague who has known him for decades, Novak Zuber, has underlined this point. "I would express most succinctly, if1may, this duality in his nature, by simply stating, that Franz is, indeed,einechterMEISTERinaffairsscientificaswellasaffairsdiplomatic." Finally,wewouldliketoexpressourthanksfor allthatProfessorMayingerhas done through his continued interest and leadership to encourage new generations to embrace and extend the rich combination of scientific tradition and social heritage that has punctuated his own work. On behalfofhis friends, partners and colleagues,wewish him welI. MunichandHannover, September 1999 Editors AssociateEditors MarkusLehner Udo Dinglreiter DieterMewes RobertTauscher List of Contributors Bergles,ArthurE. ProfessorEmeritus,RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute Troy,NY 12180-3590,USA Buchmann,Mathias Dipl.-Ing.,InstitutfUrVerfahrenstechnik,UniversitatHannover 30167Hannover,Germany Catton,Ivan Professor,MechanicalandAerospaceEngineeringDept.,UniversityofCalifornia LosAngeles,CA90095-1597,USA Cao,Liping DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofMiami CoralGables,FL33124-0624,USA Celata,GianPiero Dr.,Director,ENEAEnergyDepartment 00060 SantaMariaGaleria,Rome,Italy Chang,Yuan-Jen DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity Taipei 106,Taiwan Chen,JohnC. Professor,InstituteofThermo-FluidEngineeringandScience,LehighUniversity Bethlehem,PA 18015-4791,USA Chen,Yau-Ming Professor,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity Taipei 106,Taiwan Cornaro,Cristina Dr.,DipartimentodiIngegneriaMeccanica,UniversitidiRomaTorVergata 00133 Rome, Italy XII Cumo,Maurizio Professor,UniversityofRome LaSapienza 00100Rome, Italy Durst,Franz Professor,Lehrstuhl fUrStromungsmechanik,UniversitatErlangen-Niimberg 91058 Erlangen,Germany Eder,Andreas Dipl.-Ing.,LehrstuhlA fUrThermodynamik,TechnischeUniversitatMiinchen 85747Garching,Germany Feldmann,Oliver Dipl.-Ing.,LehrstuhlA fUrThermodynamik,TechnischeUniversitatMiinchen 85747 Garching, Germany Fiebig,Martin Professor,InstitutfUrThermo- undFluiddynamik,Ruhr-UniversitatBochum 44780Bochum,Germany Fleischer,Amy S. DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofMinnesota Minneapolis,MN55455,USA FU,Feng DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofFlorida Gainesville,FL32611,USA Ganzevles,FrankL. A. EindhovenUniversityofTechnology 5600MBEindhoven,TheNetherlands Goldstein,Richard1. P.rofessor,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofMinnesota Minneapolis,MN55455,USA Hahne,Erich Professor,InstitutfUrThermodynamikundWarmetechnik,UniversitatStuttgart 70550 Stuttgart, Germany Hetsroni, Gad Professor,FacultyofMechanicalEngineering,Technion- IsraelInstituteof Technology Haifa32000,Israel
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