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Mohammadreza Gharibreza Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf Applied Limnology Comprehensive View from Watershed to Lake Applied Limnology Mohammadreza Gharibreza Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf Applied Limnology Comprehensive View from Watershed to Lake MohammadrezaGharibreza MuhammadAqeelAshraf SoilConservationandWatershed DepartmentofGeology ManagementResearchInstitute UniversityofMalaya Tehran,Iran KualaLumpur,Malaysia ISBN978-4-431-54979-6 ISBN978-4-431-54980-2(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-4-431-54980-2 SpringerTokyoHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014939876 ©SpringerJapan2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) ThisBookissincerelydedicatedtomyfamily. Their support, encouragement, and constant assistance have sustained me throughout my life Preface Asanauthor,IamproudtointroduceAppliedLimnology,whichaddressesanew, comprehensive method of studying lake systems from watershed to open waters. Thisbookopensupanewviewoflimnologyforresearchersanddecisionmakersto consideroveralllanduseacrossthecatchmenttofindtherealissuesinwhichlakes areinvolved.Recently,severalissuesconcerninglakeshavebeenencounteredsuch as pollution of natural resources, shoaling, eutrophication, coastal changes, and reduction of water sources around the world. Human activities have contributed most in recent issues which are exacerbated by natural factors such as climate change. There are conservation and land development approaches in terms of integratedlakemanagementandmitigationoftheenvironmentalimpactofrecent land development projects in catchment areas. This book is remarkable for highlighting a method in which issues are completely investigated and a natural resourcemanagementplanispresentedwithaconservationapproach. AppliedLimnologyhasasimpleoutlineofsixchapters.Chapter1givesabrief introductiontoanoverallviewofBeraLakeandissuesthatinvolveit.Chapter2is dividedintotwosections,catchmentareasandlakecharacteristics.Physiographic particulates,geologicalsettings,stratigraphy,structuralgeology,climatology,and land use are introduced in the catchment section. Lake specification comprises hydrology,bathymetry,waterquality,andphysicalpropertiesofsedimentsinBera Lake.InChap.3theemphasisisonshoalingasoneofthemainissuesofBeraLake, whichwasinvestigatedbyusing210Pband137Csradioisotopes.Thebookhighlights the capability of this method in a tropical lake to estimate sedimentation rate. Severe soil erosion and nutrient loss is another issue that plays an important role indevastatingnaturalresourcesofwetlandsandopenwaters.Chapter4presentsthe applicationofradiocesiuminestimationofsoillossinatropicalareathatisfarfrom a source of 137Cs emission. In addition, the contribution of land development projects in the soil redistribution rate is highlighted in Chap. 4. Chapter 5 deals with contamination of sediments and several models that evaluate ecological risk assessment.Applicationofmodelsofriskassessmentandofdatingofsedimentage is a novel feature of this book that reveals the contribution of land development phasesinpollutionofBeraLake.Anothercontributiontoknowledgeisprovidedin vii viii Preface thisbook,namely,thatthenaturalbackgroundlevelofseveralheavymineralshas been calculated for further investigation. Emphasis on the watershed and lake management plan is presented in Chap. 6. I believe that applied limnology must involve management practices toconserve natural resources.Therefore,this book has included a management plan that shows how limnology comprehensively applied will perform and how legislation and a decision support system will be established. IamhighlyappreciativeofDr.MuhammadAqeelAshrafforhispartnershipin most phases of the research project and for his great guidance and help in editing andprovidinganopportunitytoreleasethisbook,AppliedLimnology.Iattributethe publication of this book to his encouragement and effort; without him the book wouldnothavebeencompleted. I express my sincerest gratitude to Dr. John Kuna Raj, Dr. Ismail Yusoff, Dr.ZainudinOthman,andDr.WanZakariaWanMuhamadTahir,whoseencour- agementandsupportenabledmetocarryoutthismultidisciplinaryresearchproject andtowritethisbook.GreatacknowledgmentgoestoDr.DessWalling,professor at Exeter University,UK,for his valuableadvice on choosing a suitable modelto estimatesoilerosionatthestudyarea.IoffersinceregratitudetoDr.PeterAppleby, professor at Liverpool University, UK, for his great advice and geochronology calculation model to determine the sedimentation rate in Bera Lake. Gratitude is alsoexpressedtoDr.LeeKhengHengandDr.LionelMabitandtheIAEAstafffor theirvaluablehelpinprovidingsoilerosionconversionmodels. I gratefully acknowledge the Soil Conservation and Watershed Management ResearchInstitute,Iran,andtheInstituteofResearchManagementandMonitoring (IPPP),UniversityofMalaya,fortheirvaluableexecutiveandfinancialsupportto accomplishthismission.IamindebtedtomymanycolleaguesintheSoilConser- vation and Watershed Management Research Institute for their contributions in officialanddepartmentalsupport. I owe my deepest gratitude to my parents and my brothers, who gave me financial and moral support. I also offer sincerest heartfelt acknowledgment to my family members, especially to my wife, Mahboubeh Hadadfard, and to my daughters, Zahra, Roghayeh, and Sara, whose encouragement, assistance, and supportfromthebeginningtotheconclusionenabledmetoaccomplishthisproject. Tehran,Iran MohammadrezaGharibreza Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 WhatThisBookIsAbout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 AnIntroductionofBeraLake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 WhatProblemsThatBeraLakeIsInvolved?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.4 OverviewofAppliedLimnologyinBeraLake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 BeraLake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1 CatchmentArea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1.1 PhysiographicParticulars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1.2 Geology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.1.3 Climatology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.1.4 LandUse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2 LakeCharacteristic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.2.1 Hydrology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.2.2 Bathymetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.2.3 WaterQuality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.2.4 PhysicalPropertiesofBeraLakeSediment. . . . . . . . . . . 50 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3 SedimentationRateinBeraLake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.2 Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.2.1 TheConstantRateofSupplyCRSModel. . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.2.2 TheConstantInitialConcentrationCICModel. . . . . . . . 68 3.2.3 TheLimitationofModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.2.4 Sampling. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 72 3.2.5 SamplePreparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.2.6 RadioisotopesAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 3.3 210Pband137CsInventoriesand210PbFlux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 3.4 SedimentationRateattheSouthofBeraLake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 ix