Applied fluid mechanics

553 Pages·79.999 MB·English

by  Mott, Robert L., Untener, Joseph A

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Applied Fluid Mechanics

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Applied Fluid
MechAnics
Global edition
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Applied Fluid
MechAnics
Seventh edition
Global edition
Robert L. Mott
University of Dayton
Joseph A. Untener
University of Dayton
boston columbus indianapolis new York san francisco Hoboken amsterdam
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Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Applied Fluid Mechanics, 7th
edition, ISBN 978-0-13-255892-1, by Robert L. Mott and Joseph A. Untener, published by
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isbn 10: 1-292-01961-1
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printed and bound in china
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Brief Contents
1 The nature of Fluids and the study of Fluid Mechanics 17
2 Viscosity of Fluids 35
3 pressure Measurement 54
4 Forces due to static Fluids 79
5 Buoyancy and stability 109
6 Flow of Fluids and Bernoulli’s equation 133
7 General energy equation 170
8 Reynolds number, laminar Flow, Turbulent Flow, and energy losses due
to Friction 194
9 Velocity profiles for circular sections and Flow in noncircular sections 221
10 Minor losses 241
11 series pipeline systems 280
12 parallel and Branching pipeline systems 312
13 pump selection and Application 334
14 Open-channel Flow 388
15 Flow Measurement 411
16 Forces due to Fluids in Motion 434
17 drag and lift 448
18 Fans, Blowers, compressors, and the Flow of Gases 466
19 Flow of Air in ducts 486
Appendices 504
Answers to selected problems 532
index 541
5
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Contents
Preface 11 3 pressure Measurement 54
Acknowledgments 15
The Big Picture 54
3.1 objectives 55
1 The nature of Fluids and the study
3.2 absolute and Gage pressure 55
of Fluid Mechanics 17
3.3 relationship between pressure and
The Big Picture 17 elevation 56
1.1 objectives 19 3.4 development of the pressure–elevation
1.2 basic introductory concepts 19 relation 59
1.3 the international system of Units (si) 20 3.5 pascal’s paradox 61
1.4 the U.s. customary system 20 3.6 manometers 62
1.5 Weight and mass 21 3.7 barometers 67
1.6 temperature 22 3.8 pressure expressed as the Height of a
column of liquid 68
1.7 consistent Units in an equation 22
3.9 pressure Gages and transducers 69
1.8 the definition of pressure 24
References 71
1.9 compressibility 26
Internet Resources 71
1.10 density, specific Weight, and specific
Gravity 27 Practice Problems 71
1.11 surface tension 30
References 31 4 Forces due to static Fluids 79
Internet Resources 31
The Big Picture 79
Practice Problems 31
4.1 objectives 81
Computer Aided Engineering Assignments 34
4.2 Gases Under pressure 81
4.3 Horizontal flat surfaces Under
2 Viscosity of Fluids 35
liquids 82
The Big Picture 35 4.4 rectangular Walls 83
2.1 objectives 36 4.5 submerged plane areas—
General 85
2.2 dynamic viscosity 37
4.6 development of the General procedure for
2.3 Kinematic viscosity 38
forces on submerged plane areas 88
2.4 newtonian fluids and non-newtonian
4.7 piezometric Head 89
fluids 39
4.8 distribution of force on a submerged
2.5 variation of viscosity with temperature 41
curved surface 90
2.6 viscosity measurement 43
4.9 effect of a pressure above the fluid
2.7 sae viscosity Grades 48
surface 94
2.8 iso viscosity Grades 49
4.10 forces on a curved surface with fluid
2.9 Hydraulic fluids for fluid power systems 49 below it 94
References 50 4.11 forces on curved surfaces with fluid above
Internet Resources 51 and below 95
Practice Problems 51 Practice Problems 96
Computer Aided Engineering Assignments 53 Computer Aided Engineering Assignments 108
7
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8 Contents
5 Buoyancy and stability 109 8 Reynolds number, laminar Flow,
Turbulent Flow, and energy losses
The Big Picture 109
due to Friction 194
5.1 objectives 110
5.2 buoyancy 110 The Big Picture 194
5.3 buoyancy materials 117 8.1 objectives 197
5.4 stability of completely submerged 8.2 reynolds number 197
bodies 118 8.3 critical reynolds numbers 198
5.5 stability of floating bodies 119 8.4 darcy’s equation 199
5.6 degree of stability 123 8.5 friction loss in laminar flow 199
Reference 124 8.6 friction loss in turbulent flow 200
Internet Resources 124 8.7 Use of software for pipe flow problems 206
Practice Problems 124 8.8 equations for the friction factor 210
Stability Evaluation Projects 132 8.9 Hazen–Williams formula for Water flow 211
8.10 other forms of the Hazen–Williams
6 Flow of Fluids and Bernoulli’s formula 212
equation 133 8.11 nomograph for solving the Hazen–Williams
formula 212
The Big Picture 133
References 214
6.1 objectives 134
Internet Resources 214
6.2 fluid flow rate and the continuity
Practice Problems 214
equation 134
Computer Aided Engineering Assignments 220
6.3 commercially available pipe and
tubing 138
6.4 recommended velocity of flow in pipe and 9 Velocity profiles for circular sections
tubing 140 and Flow in noncircular sections 221
6.5 conservation of energy—bernoulli’s
The Big Picture 221
equation 143
9.1 objectives 222
6.6 interpretation of bernoulli’s equation 144
9.2 velocity profiles 223
6.7 restrictions on bernoulli’s equation 145
9.3 velocity profile for laminar flow 223
6.8 applications of bernoulli’s equation 145
9.4 velocity profile for turbulent flow 225
6.9 torricelli’s theorem 153
9.5 flow in noncircular sections 228
6.10 flow due to a falling Head 156
9.6 computational fluid dynamics 232
References 158
References 234
Internet Resources 158
Internet Resources 234
Practice Problems 159
Practice Problems 234
Analysis Projects Using Bernoulli’s Equation and
Torricelli’s Theorem 169 Computer Aided Engineering Assignments 240
7 General energy equation 170 10 Minor losses 241
The Big Picture 170 The Big Picture 241
7.1 objectives 171 10.1 objectives 243
7.2 energy losses and additions 172 10.2 resistance coefficient 243
7.3 nomenclature of energy losses and 10.3 sudden enlargement 244
additions 174 10.4 exit loss 247
7.4 General energy equation 174 10.5 Gradual enlargement 247
7.5 power required by pumps 178 10.6 sudden contraction 249
7.6 power delivered to fluid motors 181 10.7 Gradual contraction 252
Practice Problems 183 10.8 entrance loss 253
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Contents 9
10.9 resistance coefficients for valves and 13.3 types of pumps 336
fittings 254 13.4 positive-displacement pumps 336
10.10 application of standard valves 260
13.5 Kinetic pumps 342
10.11 pipe bends 262
13.6 performance data for centrifugal pumps 346
10.12 pressure drop in fluid power valves 264
13.7 affinity laws for centrifugal pumps 348
10.13 flow coefficients for valves Using C 267
v 13.8 manufacturers’ data for centrifugal
10.14 plastic valves 268 pumps 349
10.15 Using K-factors in pipe-flo® software 269 13.9 net positive suction Head 357
References 274 13.10 suction line details 362
Internet Resources 274 13.11 discharge line details 362
Practice Problems 274 13.12 the system resistance curve 363
Computer Aided Analysis and Design 13.13 pump selection and the operating point for
Assignments 279 the system 366
13.14 Using pipe-flo® for selection of
11 series pipeline systems 280
commercially available pumps 368
The Big Picture 280 13.15 alternate system operating modes 372
11.1 objectives 281 13.16 pump type selection and specific speed 377
11.2 class i systems 281 13.17 life cycle costs for pumped fluid
systems 379
11.3 spreadsheet aid for class i problems 286
References 380
11.4 class ii systems 288
Internet Resources 381
11.5 class iii systems 294
Practice Problems 382
11.6 pipe-flo® examples for series pipeline
systems 297 Supplemental Problem (PIPE-FLO® Only) 383
11.7 pipeline design for structural integrity 300 Design Problems 383
References 302 Design Problem Statements 384
Internet Resources 302 Comprehensive Design Problem 386
Practice Problems 302
14 Open-channel Flow 388
Computer Aided Analysis and Design
Assignments 311
The Big Picture 388
14.1 objectives 389
12 parallel and Branching pipeline
14.2 classification of open-channel flow 390
systems 311
14.3 Hydraulic radius and reynolds number in
The Big Picture 311 open-channel flow 391
12.1 objectives 314 14.4 Kinds of open-channel flow 391
12.2 systems with two branches 314 14.5 Uniform steady flow in open
12.3 parallel pipeline systems and pressure channels 392
boundaries in pipe-flo® 320 14.6 the Geometry of typical open
12.4 systems with three or more branches— channels 396
networks 323 14.7 the most efficient shapes for open
References 330 channels 398
Internet Resources 330 14.8 critical flow and specific energy 398
Practice Problems 330 14.9 Hydraulic Jump 400
Computer Aided Engineering Assignments 333 14.10 open-channel flow measurement 402
References 406
13 pump selection and Application 334
Digital Publications 406
The Big Picture 334 Internet Resources 406
13.1 objectives 335 Practice Problems 407
13.2 parameters involved in pump selection 336 Computer Aided Engineering Assignments 410