Applied Environmental Biotechnology: Present Scenario and Future Trends PDF
Preview Applied Environmental Biotechnology: Present Scenario and Future Trends
Applied Environmental Biotechnology: Present Scenario and Future Trends Garima Kaushik Editor Applied Environmental Biotechnology: Present Scenario and Future Trends Editor Garima Kaushik Department of Environmental Science School of Earth science Central University of Rajasthan Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan India ISBN 978-81-322-2122-7 ISBN 978-81-322-2123-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2123-4 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014958089 © Springer India 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its cur- rent version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Centre. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are ex- empt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibil- ity for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Applied environmental biotechnology is the field of environmental science and biology that involves the use of living organisms and their by-products in solving environmental problems like waste and wastewaters. It includes not only the pure biological sciences such as genetics, microbiology, biochemis- try, and chemistry but also subjects from outside the sphere of biology, such as chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, and biophysics. Cleaning up the contamination and dealing rationally with wastes is, of course, in everybody’s best interests. Considering the number of problems in the field of environmental biotechnology and microbiology, the role of bioprocesses and biosystems for environmental cleanup and control based on the utilization of microbes and their products is highlighted in this work. Environmental remediation, pollution control, detection, and monitoring are evaluated considering the achievement as well as the perspectives in the development of environmental biotechnology. Various relevant articles are chosen up to illustrate the main areas of environmental biotechnology: indus- trial waste water treatment, soil treatment, oil remediation, phytoremedia- tion, microbial electroremediation, and development of biofuels dealing with microbial and process engineering aspects. The distinct role of environmen- AQ1 tal biotechnology in future is emphasized considering the opportunities to contribute new approaches and directions in remediation of a contaminated environment, minimizing waste releases, and developing pollution preven- tion alternatives using the end-of-pipe technology. To take advantage of these opportunities, new strategies are also analyzed and produced. These methods would improve the understanding of existing biological processes in order to increase their efficiency, productivity, flexibility, and repeatability. The responsible use of biotechnology to get economic, social, and environ- mental benefits is highly attractive since the past, such as fermentation prod- ucts (beer, bread) to modern technologies like genetic engineering, rDNA technology, and recombinant enzymes. All these techniques are facilitating new trends of environment monitoring. The twenty-first century has found microbiology and biotechnology as an emerging area in sustainable environ- mental protection. The requirement of alternative chemicals, feedstocks for fuel, and a variety of commercial products has grown dramatically in the past few decades. To reduce the dependence on foreign exchange, much research v vi Preface has been focussed on environmental biotechnology to develop a sustainable society with our own ways of recovery and reusing the available resources. An enormous amount of natural and xenobiotic compounds are added to the environment every day. By exploring and employing the untapped potential of microbes and their products, there are possibilities of not only removing toxic compounds from the environment but also the conversion and production of useful end products. Basic methodologies and processes are highlighted in this book which will help in satisfying the expectations of different level of users/readers. This work focuses on the alarming human and environmental problems created by the modern world, and thus provides some suitable solutions to combat them by applying different forms of environmental studies. With the application of environmental biotechnology, it enhances and optimizes the conditions of existing biological systems to make their course of action much faster and efficient in order to bring about the desired outcome. Various stud- ies (genetics, microbiology, biochemistry, chemistry) are clubbed together to find solutions to environmental problems in all phases of the environment like, air, water, and soil. The 3R philosophy of waste reduction, reuse, and recycling is a universally accepted solution for waste management. As these are end-of-pipe treatments, the best approach is developing the approach of waste prevention through cleaner production. However, even after creation of waste the best solution to deal with is through biological means, and today by applying various interdisciplines we can create various by-products from this waste and utilize them best. Treatment of the various engineering sys- tems presented in this book will show how an engineering formulation of the subject flows naturally from the fundamental principles and theories of chemistry, microbiology, physics, and mathematics and develop a sustainable solution. The book introduces various environmental applications, such as bioreme- diation, phytoremediation, microbial diversity in conservation and explora- tion, in-silico approach to study the regulatory mechanisms and pathways of industrially important microorganisms, biological phosphorous removal, ameliorative approaches for management of chromium phytotoxicity, sus- tainable production of biofuels from microalgae using a biorefinary approach, bioelectrochemical systems (BES) for microbial electroremediation, and oil spill remediation. This book has been designed to serve as a comprehensive environmen- tal biotechnology textbook as well as a wide-ranging reference book. The authors thank all those who have contributed significantly in understanding the different aspects of the book and submitted their reviews, and at the same time hope that it will prove of equally high value to advanced undergraduate and graduate students, research scholars, and designers of water, wastewater, and other waste treatment systems. Thanks are also due to Springer for pub- lishing the book. Kishangarh, Rajasthan, India Garima Kaushik Acknowledgments Foremost, I must acknowledge the invaluable guidance I have received from all my teachers in my academic life. I also thank all my coauthors for their support, without which this book would have been impossible. I thank my family for having the patience and taking yet another chal- lenge which decreased the amount of time I spent with them. Especially, my daughter Ananya, who took a big part in that sacrifice, and also my husband Dr. Manish, who encouraged me in his particular way and assisted me in completing this project. Speaking of encouragement, I must mention about my head of department and dean of Earth Sciences School, Central University of Rajasthan, Prof. K. C. Sharma, whose continuous encouragement and trust helped me in a number of ways in achieving endeavors like this. I also thank my colleagues, Dr. Devesh, Dr. Sharmila, Dr. Ritu, and Dr. Dharampal for their support and invaluable assistance. No one is a bigger source of inspiration in life than our parents. I have come across success and failures in my academic life but my parents have been a continuous source of encouragement during all ups and downs in my life. I really appreciate my in-laws for always supporting me throughout my career. It will be unworthy on my part if I do not mention Prof. I. S. Thakur, my Ph.D. supervisor who gave me an opportunity to work, learn, and explore the subject knowledge under his guidance and leadership. Thank you all for your insights, guidance, and support! Garima Kaushik vii Contents 1 Bioremediation Technology: A Greener and Sustainable Approach for Restoration of Environmental Pollution ................ 1 Shaili Srivastava 2 Bioremediation of Industrial Effluents: Distillery Effluent ......... 19 Garima Kaushik 3 In Silico Approach to Study the Regulatory Mechanisms and Pathways of Microorganisms .................................................. 33 Arun Vairagi 4 Microbial Diversity: Its Exploration and Need of Conservation . 43 Monika Mishra 5 Phytoremediation: A Biotechnological Intervention ..................... 59 Dharmendra Singh, Pritesh Vyas, Shweta Sahni and Punesh Sangwan 6 Ameliorative Approaches for Management of Chro- mium Phytotoxicity: Current Promises and Future Directions ... 77 Punesh Sangwan, Prabhjot Kaur Gill, Dharmendra Singh and Vinod Kumar 7 Management of Environmental Phosphorus Pollution Using Phytases: Current Challenges and Future Prospects ........ 97 Vinod Kumar, Dharmendra Singh, Punesh Sangwan and Prabhjot Kaur Gill 8 Sustainable Production of Biofuels from Microalgae Using a Biorefinary Approach ......................................................... 115 Bhaskar Singh, Abhishek Guldhe, Poonam Singh, Anupama Singh, Ismail Rawat and Faizal Bux ix x Contents 9 Oil Spill Cleanup: Role of Environmental Biotechnology ............ 129 Sangeeta Chatterjee 10 B ioelectrochemical Systems (BES) for Microbial Electroremediation: An Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technology ..................................................................... 145 Gunda Mohanakrishna, Sandipam Srikanth and Deepak Pant Contributors Faizal Bux Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban Univer- sity of Technology, Durban, South Africa Sangeeta Chatterjee Centre for Converging Technologies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India Prabhjot Kaur Gill Akal School of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Sir- mour, Himachal Pradesh, India Abhishek Guldhe Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa Garima Kaushik Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India Vinod Kumar Akal School of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India Monika Mishra Institute of Management Studies, Ghaziabad, UP, India Gunda Mohanakrishna Separation & Conversion Technologies, VITO— Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium Deepak Pant Separation & Conversion Technologies, VITO—Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium Ismail Rawat Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa Shweta Sahni Division of Life Sciences, S. G. R. R. I. T. S., Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Punesh Sangwan Department of Biochemistry, C. C. S. Haryana Agricul- tural University, Hisar, Haryana, India Anupama Singh Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities, National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology, Ranchi, India xi
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