Applications of Solar Energy PDF
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Energy, Environment, and Sustainability Himanshu Tyagi Avinash Kumar Agarwal Prodyut R. Chakraborty Satvasheel Powar Editors Applications of Solar Energy Energy, Environment, and Sustainability Series editors Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India Ashok Pandey, Distinguished Scientist, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India This books series publishes cutting edge monographs and professional books focused on all aspects of energy and environmental sustainability, especially as it relates to energy concerns. The Series is published in partnership with the International Society for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. The books in these series are editor or authored by top researchers and professional across the globe. The series aims at publishing state-of-the-art research and development in areas including, but not limited to: (cid:129) Renewable Energy (cid:129) Alternative Fuels (cid:129) Engines and Locomotives (cid:129) Combustion and Propulsion (cid:129) Fossil Fuels (cid:129) Carbon Capture (cid:129) Control and Automation for Energy (cid:129) Environmental Pollution (cid:129) Waste Management (cid:129) Transportation Sustainability More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15901 ⋅ Himanshu Tyagi Avinash Kumar Agarwal ⋅ Prodyut R. Chakraborty Satvasheel Powar Editors Applications of Solar Energy 123 Editors HimanshuTyagi ProdyutR. Chakraborty Department ofMechanical Engineering Department ofMechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Rupnagar,Punjab Jodhpur,Rajasthan India India Avinash KumarAgarwal SatvasheelPowar Department ofMechanical Engineering Schoolof Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh Mandi,Himachal Pradesh India India ISSN 2522-8366 ISSN 2522-8374 (electronic) Energy,Environment, andSustainability ISBN978-981-10-7205-5 ISBN978-981-10-7206-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7206-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017957678 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721,Singapore Foreword The monograph titled ‘Applications of Solar Energy,’ edited by Dr. Himanshu Tyagi, Prof. AvinashK.Agarwal,Dr. Prodyut R.Chakraborty,andDr.Satvasheel Powar,isacollectionofarticleswrittenbyexpertsinthisfield.Thesearticlesarein fact the review of research work carried out in the recent past by the respective expertsandpresentedintherecentlyheldFirstISEESInternationalConferenceon ‘Sustainable Energy and Environmental Challenges’ (SEEC-2017) from February 26to28,2017,atCenterofInnovativeandAppliedBioprocessing(CIAB),Mohali, Punjab, India. Usually, such monographs suffer from being incongruent collection of research works, but in the current volume, articles are chosen keeping obser- vation on the continuity and consistency of the theme of the monograph. The monograph covering various topics on diverse methods of utilizing efficiently the solar energy will be particularly useful to research students starting their work in this field. Most of the articles deal with different experimental techniques of using solar energy through thermal processes. One chapter deals with photovoltaic technique of using solar energy with maximum possible efficiency. Some chapters include computer simulation of two- and three-dimensional model systems for powergenerationfromsolarenergy.InIndia,wehaveanumberofresearchgroups in various institutions working in these fields. The editorial team has put tremendous effort in bringing out this monograph, especially in the review process of all chapters emanating from the short presen- tations at the conference. It is heartening to see young researchers in this area spendingtheirvaluabletimeinbringingoutsuchausefuldocumentforthebenefit of this community. I wish it all the success. Prof. Sarit K. Das Director Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar India v Preface Energy demand has been rising remarkably due to increasing population and urbanization.Globaleconomyandsocietyaresignificantlydependentontheenergy availability because it touches every facet of human life and its activities. Trans- portation and power generation are major examples of energy. Without the trans- portationbymillionsofpersonalizedandmasstransportvehiclesandavailabilityof 24×7 power, human civilization would not have reached contemporary living standards. First International Conference on ‘Sustainable Energy and Environmental Challenges’ (SEEC-2017) was organized under the auspices of ‘International Society for Energy and Environmental Sustainability’ (ISEES) by the ‘Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing’ (CIAB), Mohali, from February 26 to 28, 2017.ISEESwasfoundedatIITKanpurinJanuary2014withanaimofspreading knowledge in the fields of energy, environment, sustainability, and combustion. The Society’s goal is to contribute to the development of clean, affordable, and secureenergyresourcesandasustainableenvironmentforthesocietyandtospread knowledge in the above-mentioned areas and spread awareness about the envi- ronmentalchallenges,whichtheworldisfacingtoday.ISEESisinvolvedinvarious activities such as conducting workshops, seminars, conferences in the domains of itsinterests.TheSocietyalsorecognizestheoutstandingworksdonebytheyoung scientists and engineers for their contributions in these fields by conferring them awards under various categories. This conference provided a platform for discussions between eminent scientists andengineersfromvariouscountriesincludingIndia,USA,SouthKorea,Norway, Malaysia, and Australia. In this conference, eminent speakers from all over the world presented their views related to different aspects of energy, combustion, emissions,andalternativeenergyresourceforsustainabledevelopmentandcleaner environment. The conference started with four mini-symposiums on very topical themes, which included (i) New Fuels and Advanced Engine Combustion, (ii) Sustainable Energy, (iii) Experimental and Numerical Combustion, and (iv) Environmental Remediation and Rail Road Transport. The conference had 14 technicalsessionsontopicsrelatedtoenergyandenvironmentalsustainabilityanda vii viii Preface panel discussion on ‘Challenges, Opportunities and Directions of Technical Edu- cation and Research in the Area of Energy, Environment and Sustainability’ to wrap up the three-day technical extravaganza. The conference included 2 plenary talks, 12 keynote talks, 42 invited talks from prominent scientists, 49 contributed talks, and 120 posters. A total of 234 participants and speakers attended this three-dayconference,whichhostedDr.V.K.Saraswat,MemberNITIAyog,India, asachiefguestfortheawardceremonyoftheISEES.Thisconferencelaidoutthe road map for technology development, opportunities, and challenges in this tech- nology domain. The technical sessions in the conference included Advances in IC Engines and Fuels; Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels; Combustion Processes; Renewable Energy: Prospects and Technologies; Waste to Wealth-Chemicals and Fuels; Energy Conversion Systems; Numerical Simulation of Combustion Pro- cesses; Alternate Fuels for IC Engines; Sprays and Heterogeneous Combustion of Coal/Biomass; Biomass Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals—Thermochemical Processes; Utilization of Biofuels; and Environmental Protection and Health. All these topics are very relevant for the country and the world in the present context. The society is grateful to Prof. Ashok Pandey for organizing and hosting this conference,whichledtogerminationofthisseriesofmonographs,whichincluded 16 books related to different aspects of energy, environment, and sustainability. This is the first time that such voluminous and high-quality outcome has been achieved by any society in India from one conference. The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the authors for submitting their work in a timely manner and revising it appropriately at short notice. We would like to express our special thanks to Dr. Chandan Banerjee, Dr. AnirbanBhattacharya, Dr.SantoshB.Bopche,Dr.LaltuChandra,Dr.SudiptaDe, Dr. Ambesh Dixit, Dr. Varun Goel, Dr. D.B. Jani, Dr. Shyam Karagadde, Dr. VikrantKhullar,Dr.PradeepKumar,Dr.ManishMishra,Dr.DibakarRakshit,Dr. Sandip Saha,Dr.Harjit Singh,Dr.SanjeevSoni,andDr.S.Suresh, whoreviewed various chapters of this monograph and provided their valuable suggestions for improving the manuscripts. We acknowledge the support received from various funding agencies and organizations for the successful conduct of the first ISEES conference SEEC-2017, where these monographs germinated. These include DepartmentofScienceandTechnology,GovernmentofIndia(specialthankstoDr. Sanjay Bajpai); TSI, India (special thanks to Dr. Deepak Sharma); Tesscorn, India (specialthanks to Sh. Satyanarayana); AVL India; Horiba, India; Springer (special thanks to Swati Mehershi); CIAB (special thanks to Dr. Sangwan). Thismonographisintendedforresearchersworkinginthefieldofsolarenergy, and we hope that the book would be of great interest to the professionals and postgraduate students involved in the study of solar thermal collectors, energy Preface ix storage systems (using phase change materials), and power generation using solar energy. The main objective of this monograph is to promote a better and more accurate understanding of the various applications of solar energy. Rupnagar, India Himanshu Tyagi Kanpur, India Avinash Kumar Agarwal Jodhpur, India Prodyut R. Chakraborty Mandi, India Satvasheel Powar Contents Part I General Introduction to Applications of Solar Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Himanshu Tyagi, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Prodyut Ranjan Chakraborty and Satvasheel Powar DistributedPolygenerationUsingSolarEnergy:AFutureSustainable Energy System for India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Avishek Ray and Sudipta De Part II Heat Transfer Aspects of Solar Thermal Collectors Effect of Reflector Absorptivity on Radiative Heat Exchange in Case of Solar Receiver Collection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Santosh B. Bopche Numerical Investigation of the Temperature Distribution of a Solar Cavity Receiver Wall Using Finite Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Suneet Kumar and Santosh B. Bopche Part III Volumetric Solar Thermal Collectors Direct Absorption Solar Thermal Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Vikrant Khullar, Harjit Singh and Himanshu Tyagi Solar Thermal Energy: Use of Volumetric Absorption in Domestic Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Vishal Bhalla, Vikrant Khullar, Harjit Singh and Himanshu Tyagi ThermalandMaterialsPerspectiveontheDesignofOpenVolumetric Air Receiver for Process Heat Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Gurveer Singh, Rajesh Kumar, Ambesh Dixit and Laltu Chandra xi
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