Applications of High-Field and Short Wavelength Sources PDF
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Applications of High-Field and Short Wavelength Sources Applications of High-Field and Short Wavelength Sources Edited by Louis DiMauro Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York Margaret Murnane University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan and Anne L'Huillier Lund Institute of Technology Lund, Sweden Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Applications of high-field and short wavelength sources I edited by Louis DiMauro, Margaret Murnane, and Anne CHuillier. p. em. "Proceedings of the Optical Society of America Conference on Generation and Applications of High-Field and Short Wavelength Sources, held March 20-22, 1997, in Santa Fe, New Mex ico"-Verso t.p .. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4757-9243-0 ISBN 978-1-4757-9241-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-9241-6 1. Lasers-Congresses. 2. Radiation sources-Industrial applications-Congresses. 3. Laser pulses, Ultrashort-Congresses. 4. X-ray lasers-Congresses. I. DiMauro, Louis. II. Murnane, Margaret. III. CHuillier, Anne. IV. Optical Society of America. V. Optical Society of America Conference on Generation and Applications of High-Field and Short Wavelength Sources (7th: 1997: Santa Fe, N.M.) TA1673.A58 1998 95-35190 621.36'6-dc21 CIP Proceedings of the Optical Society of America Conference on Generation and Applications of High-Field and Short Wavelength Sources, held March 20-22, 1997, in Santa Fe, New Mexico ISBN 978-1-4757-9243-0 © 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998 http://www.plenum.com 10987654321 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE The Optical Society of America Conference on Applications ofH igh Fields and Short Wavelength Sources, held in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, from March 20-22, 1997, was an exceptionally exciting conference. This conference was the seventh in a series of topical con ferences, held every two years, which are devoted to the generation and application of high field and short wavelength sources. The meeting was truly international in scope, with equal participation from both within and outside of the US. In the past two years, there has been dramatic progress in both laser and x-ray coher ent sources, both fundamental and applied. The 1997 meeting highlighted these advances, which are summarized in sections 1 and 2 of this volume. Terawatt-class lasers are now avail able in the UV or at high repetition rates. Michael Perry (LLNL) presented a keynote talk on petawatt class lasers and their applications in inertial confinement fusion, while Jorge Rocca (Colorado State University) presented a keynote talk on tabletop soft-x-ray lasers. Genera tion and measurement techniques are becoming very sophisticated throughout the UV and x ray region of the spectrum, and coherent sources have been extended to wavelengths below 30A. Phase control in the x-ray region is also now possible, and new phase-matching schemes in the UV have been experimentally demonstrated. It is clear that a new field of x-ray nonlin ear optics will deveiop rapidly over the next few years. Other forefront work was reported in the keynote addresses given by Erik Johnson (BNL) and Irene Nenner (France) on the capa bilities and applications of the next-generation synchrotron and accelerator-based light sources. Exciting advances in plasma-based x-ray and ion sources are also reported in section 3, while section 4 covers the physics oflaser-plasma interactions. New debris-less plasma based x-ray sources are now available, while cluster sources have proven useful for both x ray and high-energy ion generation. Detailed and accurate diagnostics have also increased our understanding oflaser-solid-density plasma interactions. Section five illustrates the tre mendous progress in our understanding and use of high field interactions, and the physics of atoms and molecules in intense laser fields. Several groups reported new understanding of strong-field multi-photon processes, and new methods to trap, accelerate and guide electrons in strong laser fields were presented. Interdisciplinary work in particular was highlighted at the meeting, because ofthe in creasing applications of high field science in chemistry, materials science, laser-based parti cle accelerators, and extreme ultraviolet lithography. Keynote speakers in these areas were Richard Haight (IBM), who presented work on applications of soft-x-ray light in materials and chemical dynamics, and Jeff Bokor (UC Berkeley), who reviewed progress on extreme ultraviolet lithography. Other exciting work covered novel applications of hard x-rays in mi croscopy, angiography, radiology, time-resolved diffraction, and x-ray imaging. We would like to take this opportunity to thank all the conference participants, and contributing authors to these proceedings, for making the Seventh OSA Conference on Appli- v cations ojHigh Field and Short Wavelength Sources a great success. In particular, we would like to thank Lisa Myers from the OSA, for coordinating the meeting. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge support for the meeting from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Brookhaven National Laboratory/ Associated Universities, Department of Energy Basic En ergy Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Positive Light, Spectra-Physics and Kapteyn-Murnane Laboratories LLC. We would also like to take this opportunity to give the next conference co-chairs, Eckhart Foerster, Wolfgang Sandner and David Meyerhofer, our best wishes for the eighth conference of this series, which will be held in Germany in 1999. Louis DiMauro Anne l'Huillier Margaret Murnane vi CONTENTS 1. High-Power Laser Sources The Production of Petawatt Laser Pulses .................................... . M. D. Perry, D. Pennington, B. C. Stuart, G. Tietbohl, C. Brown, J. Britten, S. Herman, J. Miller, H. T. Powell, B. Shore, and V. Yanovsky Multiterawatt Ultraviolet Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 F. G. Omenetto, K. Boyer, T. Nelson, J. W. Longworth, W. A. Schroeder, and C. K. Rhodes 0.27 Terawatt Laser System at 1 kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 S. Backus, C. Durfee, H. C. Kapteyn, and M. M. Murnane Determination of the Duration ofUV Femtosecond Pulses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.-F. Ripoche, B. S. Prade, M. A. Franco, G. Grillon, R. Lange, and A. Mysyrowicz 2. Ultrafast Coherent UV and X-Ray Sources Saturated Table-Top Soft X-Ray Lasers by Discharge Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 J. J. Rocca, F. G. Tomasel, J. L.A. Chilla, M. C. Marconi, V. N. Shlyaptsev, C. H. Moreno, B. R. Benware, and J. J. Gonzalez Phase-Locking of High-Order Harmonics to the Fundamental Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 M. B. Gaarde, C. Altucci, M. Bellini, T. W. Hansch, A. L'Huillier, C. Lynga, C. G. Wahlstrom, and R. Zerne Soft-X-Ray Harmonics in the Water Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 A. Rundquist, Z. Chang, H. Wang, E. Zeek, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn Harmonic Generation in Presence oflonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 A. Bouhal, G. Hamoniaux, A. Mysyrowicz, A. Antonetti, P. Salieres, P. Breger, P. Agostini, R. C. Constantinescu, and H. G. Muller The Optimisation of Soft X-Ray Laser Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 G. J. Tallents, J. Y. Lin, J. Zhang, A. Behjat, A. Demir, M. M. Giizelgoz, C. L.S. Lewis, A. MacPhee, D. Neely, G. J. Pert, R. Smith, J. S. Wark, P. J. Warwick, and E. Wolfrum vii Spectroscopic Investigations of an Optical-Field-Ionized X-Ray Lasers with a Microcapillary Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 K. Midorikawa and Y. Nagata Guided-Wave Optical Parametric Amplification in Gases: A Novel Phase-Matching Scheme for Ultrafast Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 C. Durfee, S. Backus, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn Increased Coherence Length in High-Order Harmonic Generation by a Self-Guided Beam ............................................................. 79 H. R. Lange, A. A. Chiron, A. Bouhal, J.-F. Ripoche, P. Breger, P. Agostini, and A. Mysyrowicz 3. Novel Short Wavelength Sources Accelerator Based Source Development: Higher, Wider and Shorter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 E. D. Johnson A Debrisless Laser-Plasma Source for EUV and XUV Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 C. M. DePriest, D. S. Torres, and M. C. Richardson Attosecond Pulse Generation at Gas Ionization by Few-Optical-Cycle Laser Pulses . . . 97 A. V. Kim, M.D. Chemobrovtseva, D. V. Kartashov, and A.M. Sergeev X-Ray Emission from Rare Gas Clusters in Intense Laser Fields .................. 103 M. Lezius, S. Dobosz, P. d'Oiivera, P. Meynadier, J.-P. Rozet, D. Vemhet, N. Normand, and M. Schmidt Hard X-Ray Emission from Femtosecond Laser Interaction in Overdense Plasmas ... 109 A. A. Andreev, V. N. Novikov, K. Yu Platonov, and J.-C. Gauthier 4. Ultrashort-Pulse Laser Plasma Interactions Plasma Waveguide: Density Development and High Intensity Guiding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 T. R. Clark Jr., S. P. Nikitin, Y. Li, and H. M. Milchberg Explosion of Atomic Clusters Heated by High Intensity, Femtosecond Laser Pulses .. 123 T. Ditmire, J. W.G. Tisch, E. Springate, M. B. Mason, N. Hay, J.P. Marangos, and M. H.R. Hutchinson Solid to Plasma Transition in FS-Laser-Irradiated FE: Collapse of the Spin-Orbit Gap .............................................................. 131 M. K. Grimes, Y. S. Lee, and M. C. Downer Pressure Ionization and Density Diagnostics in Subpicosecond Laser-Produced Plasmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 M. Nantel, G. Ma, S. Gu, C. Y. Cote, J. Itatani, and D. Umstadter Time-Dependent Schrodinger Equation for the Interaction between a Laser Pulse and a Metal ........................................................ 141 P. Martin and G. Petite viii Femtosecond Stimulation of Atomic and Nuclear Processes in High Intensity Laser Plasmas ........................................................... 145 V. S. Rozanov, M. C. Richardson. N. Demchenko, S. Gus'kov, and D. Salzmann Time Resolved Optical Probing of Supersonic Ionization Fronts in Short Pulse-Solid Target Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 E. T. Gumbrcll, R. A. Smith, T. Ditmire, A. Djaoui, S. J. Rose, and M. H. R. Hutchinson Ultrafast Incoherent X-Ray Source Utilizing Ultra Thin Freely Suspended Films ..... 155 V. M. Gordienko, M.A. Joukov, A. B. Savel'ev 5. Strong Field Interactions Barrier-Suppression Ionization of Complex Atoms and Diatomic Molecules ........ 165 V. P. Krainov Relativistically Self-Guided Laser-Wakefield Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 R. Wagner, S.-Y. Chen, A. Maksimchuk, and D. Umstadter A Single-Beam, Ponderomotive-Optical Trap for Energetic Free Electrons .......... 179 J. L. Chaloupka, T. J. Kessler, and D. D. Meyerhofer Ultrafast Diffraction from Rydberg Wave Packets Using High Harmonics .......... 185 K. J. Schafer and .T. L. Krause Backward and Multi-Echo Field Ionization by Intense Non-Envelope "Superpulses" .. 191 P. L. Shkolnikov, A. E. Kaplan. and S. F. Straub Deconvolved Ionization Probabilities for Strong Field Ionization of Xenon ......... 197 M.A. Walker, P. Hansch, and L. D. Van Woerkom Precision Tests of Laser-Tunneling Ionization Models .......................... 201 B. Buerke, .T. P. Knauer, S. J. McNaught, and D. D. Meyerhofer Self-Guiding without Focusing Nonlinearity: Leaking Mode Self-Effect Due to Field-Induced Saturable Ionization ..................................... 207 A.M. Sergeev, M. Lontano, M.D. Chernobrovtseva, and A. V. Kim Classical Theory of Nonlinear Compton Scattering and Three-Dimensional Ponderomotive Scattering ............................................. 213 F. V. Hartemann, E. C. Landahl, J. R. Van Meter, A. L. Troha, A. K. Kerman, and N. C. Luhmann, Jr. The Molecular Hydrogen B-State in an Intense Light Field ...................... 223 H. Rottke, .T. Ludwig, and W. Sandner Electron Dynamics in the Strong Field Limit of Photoionization .................. 229 B. Sheehy, B. Walker, R. Lafon, M. Widmer, L. F. DiMauro, P. Agostini, and K. C. Kulander Intense Laser Interactions: Higher Order Resonances and Hot Electrons ............ 237 L. D. Van Woerkom, S. Evans, P. Hansch, and M.A. Walker ix Influence of Relativistic Structure and Retardation in Two-Photon Transitions in Hydrogenic Systems ................................................. 245 C. Szymanowski, V. Ve niard, R. Tai'eb, and A. Maquet Laser Wakefield Acceleration Experiments ................................... 251 H. Kotaki, N. Nakajima, M. Kando, H. Ahn, T. Watanabe, T. Ueda, M. Uesaka, H. Nakanishi, A. Ogata, and K. Tani 6. Applications of Short Wavelength Sources Femtosecond Harmonic Laser Photoemission: Physics and Chemistry ............. 253 R. A. Haight Two-Photon Ionization and Three-Photon Above-Threshold Ionization of Argon ..... 261 A. Bouhal, G. Hamoniaux, A. Mysyrowicz, A. Antonetti, P. Breger, P. Agostini, R. C. Constantinescu, H. G. Muller, and L. F. DiMauro Ultra-Fast Time-Resolved X-Ray Diffraction Detected by an Averaging Mode Streak Camera ...................................................... 267 J. Larsson, Z. Chang, E. Judd, P. A. Heimann, A.M. Lindenberg, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Murnane, R. W. Lee, A. Machachek, J. S. Wark, H. A. Padmore, and R. W. Falcone Radiological Applications of Hard X-Ray Emission from a Laser-Produced Plasma .. 271 M. Gratz, C. Tillman, A. Nykanen, L. Kiernan, C. G. Wahlstrom, S. Svanberg, K.Herrlin Biological X-Ray Microscopy with a Compact Laser System .................... 277 M. C. Richardson, M. Kado, D. S. Torres, Y. Yamamoto, H. Friedman, J. Rajyaguru, and M. Muszynski High Harmonics as a Probe for Femtosecond Laser-Produced Plasmas ............. 285 W. Theobald, R. Hal3ner, and R. Sauerbrey Laser-Assisted Multicolor Photoionization of Atoms with Higher Harmonics ........ 293 V. Ve niard, R. Tai:eb, and A. Maquet Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 X
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