Application of nanotechnology in water research

549 Pages·2014·7.58 MB·English

by  Mishra, Ajay Kumar

Application of Nanotechnology
in Water Research
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Application of
Nanotechnology in
Water Research
Edited by
Ajay Kumar Mishra
Copyright © 2014 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Salem,
Massachusetts.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherw ise, except as permit-
ted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior writ-
ten permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to
the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax
[phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be
addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030,
[phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best eff orts
in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the contents of this book and specifi cally disclaim any implied warranties of merchant-
ability or fi tness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representa-
tives or written sales materials. Th e advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your
situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author
shall be liable for any loss of profi t or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to spe-
cial, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact
our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at
[phone] or fax [phone].
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may
not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site
at www.wiley.com.
For more information about Scrivener products please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Library of Congr ess Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-118-49630-5
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xix
Part 1: General 1
1 Nanotechnology and Water: Ethical and Regulatory
Considerations 3
Jillian Gardner and Ames Dhai
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Ethics and Nanotechnology 4
1.2.1 What Is Ethics? 4
1.2.2 What Is an Ethical Issue? 5
1.2.3 Basic Principles in Ethical Decision Making 5
1.2.3.1 Utility 6
1.2.3.2 Fairness 6
1.2.3.3 Justice 7
1.2.3.4 Proper Human Excellences 7
1.2.3.5 Benefi cence 8
1.2.4 Signifi cance of Nanotechnology in the Water
Sector 8
1.2.5 Benefi ts of Nanotechnology 9
1.2.6 Ethical Issues and Concerns Related to
Application of Nanotechnology in the
Water Sector 11
1.2.6.1 Issues of Safety, Toxicity and
Environmental Impact 12
1.2.6.2 Distributive Justice Issues 13
1.2.6.3 Intellectual Property Rights Issues 13
1.2.6.4 Public Involvement and Consumer
Awareness 14
v
vi Contents
1.3 Legal and Regulatory Issues and Concerns Related
to the Application of Nanotechnology in the
Water Sector 14
1.3.1 Th e EC’s Code of Conduct for Responsible
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research
and Other Initiatives 15
1.3.2 Th e Precautionary Principle 16
1.4 Nanotechnology, Water and Human Health Research 17
1.5 Conclusion 18
References  19
2 Nanoparticles Released into Water Systems from Nanoproducts
and Structural Nanocomposites Applications 21
James Njuguna, Laura Gendre and Sophia Sachse
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Case Study on Polyurethane/Organically-Modifi ed
Montmorillonite (PU/OMMT) Nanofoam
Nanoparticles in Water Suspension 23
2.3 Methodology 25
2.3.1 Material Synthesis of Nanophased Composites 25
2.3.2 Drop-Weight Impact Test and Fracture Particle
Extraction 25
2.3.3 Characterization 26
2.3.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 26
2.3.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 26
2.3.3.3 X-ray Diff raction 27
2.3.3.4 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) 27
2.4 Results and Discussion 27
2.4.1 Synthesized Nanocomposites 27
2.4.2 Generated Nanocomposite Dust from Impact Test 28
2.4.2.1 Morphology Studies 28
2.4.2.2 Size Eff ect 31
2.5 Conclusion 32
Acknowledgement 33
References  33
Contents vii
Part 2: Remediation 37
3 Prospects for Immobilization of Microbial Sorbents on
Carbon Nanotubes for Biosorption: Bioremediation of
Heavy Metals Polluted Water 39
E. Fosso-Kankeu, A.F. Mulaba-Bafubiandi and A.K. Mishra
3.1 Dispersion of Metal Pollutants in Water Sources 40
3.2 Removal of Metal by Conventional Methods 41
3.3 Microbial Sorbents for Removal of Toxic Heavy
Metals from Water 42
3.3.1 Biouptake of Metal 42
3.3.2 Factors Aff ecting Microbial Adsorption Capacity 43
3.3.2.1 Cell Age 43
3.3.2.2 Physicochemical Eff ect 43
3.3.2.3 Cell Biomass 44
3.3.2.4 Initial Concentration of Metal 44
3.3.2.5 Metals Competition 44
3.3.2.6 Exposure Time 45
3.3.3 Isothermic and Kinetic Equilibrium of Biosorption 45
3.3.4 Drawbacks Due to Inhibition 46
3.3.5 Metal Tolerance Mechanisms of Microbial Sorbents 48
3.3.6 Pretreatment of Microbial Sorbent 49
3.4 Immobilization of Microbial Sorbents on CNTs 50
3.4.1 Possible Interaction between Microorganisms
and CNTs 50
3.4.1.1 Microbial Cell Membranes and
Functional Groups 50
3.4.1.2 Characteristics of CNTs 50
3.4.2 Adsorption of Microorganisms on CNTs for
Bioremediation 52
3.5 Conclusion 54
References  54
4 Plasma Technology: A New Remediation for Water
Purifi cation with or without Nanoparticles 63
Pankaj Attri, Bharti Arora, Rohit Bhatia, P. Venkatesu
and Eun Ha Choi
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Water Purifi cation Using Advanced Oxidation
Processes (AOP) 64
viii Contents
4.3 Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Plasma and Its Application
towards Water Purifi cation 65
4.4 Application of Plasma for Water Purifi cation 67
4.5 Combined Action of Nanoparticles and Plasma for
Water Purifi cation 73
4.6 Conclusion 74
References  75
5 Polysaccharide-Based Nanosorbents in Water Remediation 79
R.B. Shrivastava, P. Singh, J. Bajpai and A.K. Bajpai
5.1 Introduction 80
5.2 Water Pollution 81
5.2.1 Microbiological Contamination 82
5.2.2 Natural Organic Matter 82
5.2.3 Organic Pollutants 83
5.2.4 Anionic Pollutants 83
5.2.5 Metallic Contamination (Heavy Metal Toxicity) 84
5.3 Hazardous Eff ects of Toxic Metal Ions 85
5.3.1 Chromium 85
5.3.2 Cadmium 85
5.3.3 Arsenic 86
5.3.4 Mercury 86
5.4 Technologies for Water Remediation 87
5.4.1 Oxidation and Reduction 87
5.4.2 Coagulation and Filtration 88
5.4.3 Lime Soft ening 88
5.4.4 Membrane Processes 88
5.5 Shortcomings of the Technologies Used for Water
Remediation 89
5.6 Nanotechnology 90
5.6.1 Approaches for the Preparation of Nanomaterials 90
5.6.2 Composition of Nanomaterials 92
5.6.3 Nanotechnology in the Field of Water Remediation 93
5.6.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes 93
5.6.3.2 Dendrimers 94
5.6.3.3 Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles 94
5.7 Polysaccharides 95
5.7.1 Classifi cation of Polysaccharides 95
5.7.1.1 Storage Polysaccharides 96
5.7.1.2 Structural Polysaccharides 96