apple in response to deficit irrigation and to crop load PDF
Preview apple in response to deficit irrigation and to crop load
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Fruiwta terre latigornosw,t yhi,e ladn,dq uality of' Braebuarpnp'li enr esponse tod eficit irraingdta otc iroolnpo ad A thespirse senitnpe adr tfiuafllil meofnt th ree quiremfoertn htdese gree of DoctoofPr h ilpohsyio nP laPnhty siology at MassUenyi vseirty BussakSorrirnpa seMrpte lasoka I 200" ABSTRACT Alltoicooafnw atfeorar g cruileth uadrse credausteeoi dc n reased adsae r measonufdl t populgartwoitohin,n dusdtervieallo pamnwedan ttpe,or l luItrigroaint.mi oaanng ement aimianteg fi fciuesnoetf w aterb ehcaosam h ei gphr iorDietfiyci.iir trg at(iDoIin)f , appljidueidc iosuasvwleayst, de erc,r evaesgeestg artoiwavtnehd p runcionsgrt esd,u ces leacohfia nggr icheirnnitgcora oluwsna dt earnm,da yi mprfourvieqt u alIitnay p.p le, theirsle e bsesn efeifecfciotafD l lo ns hoot growtbhe crafeuurdsiusetce attni cdoe nl l divipshiaosne sa tto hcseca umre atspi rmeed omsihnoagonrtto watnhsd o D la pplied duritnhpgie sr iwoirdle ld ufucriet Hsoiwzeev.te hrea,rp ep etaobr ep otenotfDi lia nl applfreiu tq ualiimtpyr ovebmuetrn ets eafnridcihn ognst hiass pehcatv bee en inconclTuosp irvoem.ott haeed optoifDo lni na ppplreo ductthieiorsnne ,e etdo coinrfamn edx patnhedef e fcotfsD lo nf urit qaunatdlo mi itnyi mDiles feefc tonsf urit sizreeu dction.s tuTwdhayist s oc onfDilre mfe fctosnf uriqtu albiyat dyd ressing relatiboentswhefiurepins t i zaen dq ualaintdty oi nvestDileg feafctteos nu nder resrecaheads peocftf usri qtu alsiutcayhs p hylsoigoidciarsldo emras,t uiroaantn d ripenairnogvm,ao latainsldte osr,pa ogtteei naTlh.pe o ssiobfii neltgirtaylt ihigtnc gr op loawdi tDhlt oi necarsfueri t wsaisaz lese ox plobryie ndv estiingtacettriianoogfnD sl ancdr olpo aodnt rewea tuesre fur,i sti zree gulyaitieaolnndqd,,U aliTthyes. t udy invotlhvreeesxe p erimIergnratitsit.or nea nttimsne clcuodneti rrorli g(aCtlei)ao,rn l y deficit (iErDarlpi)pg laitei6do3 nt fo1r 81od ma yasf tfelurbl l oo(mDA F)Bl,a dteeif cit irrig(aLtDialop)np lfioremad p proxi1m81aD tAeFlBuy n tfniialhl a rvaenswdth ,o le seasdoeinfc iirtr ig(aWtDilo)n afporpml1 i2De AdF Bu ntfniilah la rveCsrtol.po ad treatmwehniwtceshr, ie n cliundt ewdeo x periwmeernceto sm,m erccriolapol a( dC CL) andl igchrtol po a(dL CL) eqtuoi6 v0a-l6oe7fn%C t C L.' rBaeb'ua mpp(lMea lus domestBiocrakw ha.us)s eidna lelx periments. Deifciirtr igaaptpilaoitane n dty i mdeu ritnhgegr oiwnsge asroend ufcureigdtr owth and si.zF erusiitrz eed ucbtyDi lwo ancs o nuterabcyat l eidg chrtoelpro aTdh.ie n etractions ofD la ncdr olpo aodnp hotosyntfhureiwttai tce errn apttaoienta,fdl ur ,it tu rgor potential (whiwcehr e gleysn iemrriba lelatwCeCeLna nLdC Lu ndCelrb uwte rleo wienCr C L undDel)ra rpeo ssmiebclnheia sfmostr h ciosu nterTarcetweia otunes.r(e T UW)w as 11 reduicne daD nIid n L CLT.h ed ifrfeenicnTe W Ub etweeann DdCI wl e rger eaatte r CCLt haantL CLa ntdh at bCeCtLaw neLdeC nLw erger eautnedCrel tr h aunn dDeIr. Amontghq eu alaitttyr isbtuutdoeinsel fdryi,m neasnsd mdartytc eorn cent(rDaMtCi)o n weraefe fctbeydf u rit wsiittzhhe e ir vahliugehisen sr bm eailfnlrigeut rT. h eD If riut werfei rmaenrhd a hd ighDeMrCt haCnlf uriwth ecno mpafrriiuntog fs imilar size. Totsaoll usbolle(i TdSSs)a ntdo tsaulgc aorn cent(rTaStwCie)or ne hiinDg Ihf uerirt thainnC lf urita leilxn p erimegnetnse.Dr Iad lin,do atfe fctti traatcaibd(liTetA y) In excefpootrn eex periwmheeTnrAet haatr vweashstgi heirnE DIfr iutth ainnC lf urit. Fruriitp emnoerqdeu iciknLl DyaI n WdD It hainn EwDhIi chs iwmaiislnt a hrri ess pect toC l.T hea dvanceimnre inpte onifDn Igf r iuta ppeatrobe edr esponfsoitrbh le e enhanced porfao rdoumvcaot lioantT ihlieessn .h ancewmaeson bts erovnse odm e occasdiuornirsni gp eanniadnft gec ro lsdt orage. Defmiacyii ntc rsietraorsrieag gaet ion potenotfti hafelur iats D I dniodat f efcitn cidoefnp chey sioldoirgsdioecbrauslt decretahsweee dih tgl odsusr isntgo rTahgeDe I.f riuwte rael fsriom er tfhraiunftro Cl atl easwte e1ok0sfc old sbtuottrh aaigdsev anwtaalsgo eas fst er sltoonrdgauegtereo thaed vanrciepde ntihnDegI f roiuftA .p afrrmto theen hancoenmi enndti vqiudaulailt y atbturtieDsIa, l siom proovveedrf arilutql u alitym anwqyhu eanl aitttyr iwbeurtee s conesriecddo llecutsiimvnuegll tyri ivaaatnea lyTshiiwssa. st rubeo taht haarnvde st aftesrt orage. Thewraes innot erbaecttwiieorenrn i gaantcdri oolpno aodn aqnuya laitttyr iubnudteers investiLgiagtchirtoo lnpo. ai dm profvureiqdtu alaitht ayr vients etr omfsi necarsed frimneTsSsS,T, S Ca ndfu ridte nsbiutityn crewaesiegldho tsd su risntgo raangde incidoefbn ictpeti aetfr t setro rage. This rpersoegarracsmhhm oew edd eitfchiiarttr ighaaatsg i roenpa ott enatsi satalr ategy tos avwea tert oia mnpdr forviueqt u aliinat pyp plreo duc'tBiaroenb.ui rsanl 'ra ge friutevda rieAtlyt.h ofurigutsh i zwea sr eduucneddDe IrD, I f uristt imeltls t aanrdd exoprrte quireImnse inttusa.wt hieornes f paorvuirclsrea g sei zfreiu tl,i gchrtol po ad mayb ei ntreagtweidtD hIt oi ncrferaiusstie bz uelt i gchrtol po amda ya dverasfefleyc t friuqtu alitsyt oarfatgeer. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Ie xprmeys sd eegpreasttit tomu ycd hei seufp erNvPirsooMfr.., HosBseehibno udian, fohri esx celglueindtae nncceo,u ragaenmde nctrt,ih triocuimgshymso tuutdH yei. ss o caraibnogbu ottm hya cadeamnipdce rsaocnhaile veHmee natlsew.na cyaosgu ermset o utimlyi sfepu oltle natnhidea llmp esw ithhii sn vablltueeh acnicpahly,s iacnmadol r,a l suppoIrc tosne.srm i ydsemlofsf tro tuntaoht aevh ei ams m yc hiseufp ervIwi issothro . givmeys ienrcger atittoDu rTd ees Ms.aM ilmlysc ,o u-pservfioshroe rpr,a tient and constryuecfttir ievnedg,lu yi,d aInnac ded.i ttohi eoernx peritnti hasere eo afm ys tudy, shhea asl ssaohr ewdi tmhet he expoefhr aipepnicaneneh dsa sr dshbiepia nm ogof t her, aw ife,a s acnide nIat mi sgtr.la t toDe rBf reunCtl othailemsryoc, o -supefrovri shoirs, guidanctee cahnnadin cidas nlt rumseunptpaolIr f te.ep lr iveidl hetagov hea ds uch excelsluepnetr vainssdui popnto hrrto umgyhs otuutd y. Ie xtemnyds inrcete hantkots h seat foff P laGnrto wUtnhi atn d FruiUtn iCtr,o ps especRiaalylo lhyn swthoonsseue p paonrdt flexigbrielaittlyy f hurrasestd rufacoterid o n mosstt udwehnitrlsue n neixnpge rimMeannstyats f.of fH ortRcehsp,ea acrrutliaDrrl y, HorCsatsp a(rwih on oiwls i viinnt ghU eS A)D,r Steve IGrrVieoseg ne,lD orDr r, RihcarVdo lDzr,S trutTa ustDirSn a,n Ldayn agn,Sd u Nee ahla,vc eo ntrigbruetaetdl y tom ys tudTyh.et iirma en cdo mmitmemnotsa tpa eprcrei aIta emda .l stoh antkofu l ludiKtihdl da,s loonh nsatnoCdnh ,r Riasw linwghsoho anv gei vmeenc onesriadble technsiucpapalon rwdta rfmir endsMhainpy. tthoao ntkhsset ra afnfpd o stgraduate studoefIn nttssut tieN aotafulR r esouarswc eelasls a lfla lmiya nfdre indess,p ectihael ly falmiyo fT homas-Antfootrih neehitertla epn, dp roviad fiirnegn delnyv ironment throumgyhs otuutd y. I grualtlaeycf knowlMeadsgseUe nyvi ersfiotary w ardmien tgh es chroslhatiop unedrtamkyse t uadnyd EfNoZgrAr anmteit nhgfe nu ditnocg o ndeuxcpte riamte nts MarlboarnoHdua gvhe lNoocrkt h. Iw oullidtk oeg ivmeys pectihaalnt koms y h usbaFnrde,dS d.Mi pee laswohkoaa l,s o pursauP ehdDp rogradmumreit nhsgea me paenrodiu odrda ,u ghAtmeyrw,,h oh as managteodc opseo w elwli tthi gshcth edouflm eusm a ndd ad.T heilro ve, undenrdsitpnaagt,i eannscdue p,p hoarveten caoguermde atcoc polmitshhti ass k. Iw isthod edtietc hatihse tsomi ysm uma ndda fdo trh eliorva enf do trh etiera ching that hagsi vmeen aapnp recfiotarht ieim opno rotafkn ncoew ledge. ----;--------- ---- ----- - TABLEO FC ONTENTS ABSRTACT i .................................................................. ............................................ ........... ACKNOWLEDGEME.N.T.S .................................i..i..i.. ..................................................... TABLOEF C ONTENT.S.. ......................................i..v.. ...................................................... LISOTF FIGU.R.E.S.. ............................................x..i..v.. ................................................... LISOTF T ABLE.S. ..............................................................x..i..x. ...................................... LISOTF S YMBOLASN D ARBEBVIATI.O.N.S. ...........x.x.v. .......................................... SECTIOONN E:G ENERAILN TRODCUTIOANN DG ENERAMLA TERIALS 1 ANDM ETHODS ............................................................ ................................................... ChaptOenre :G enerIanlot druction 2 ............................................................................... 1.W1a ter reasniodru rricegsa t..ion .2 ........ . ......................................... ............................. .. 12. Deifciirtr ig.a..t..i..o...n.. ................................................................3.... .......... ................ 13. Research problems 3 .................................................................... .................................. 14. Thesojbiesc ti.v..es 5 .. ... ............................................... ..................................... ............. ChaptTewro :G enerMaalt eriaanldMs e thods 7 ............................................................ 21. Measureomfse onitls s wtaatteurs .. 7 ......................................................................... ... 2.2Me asureomfpe lnawtnastt r eerl ation.s ... .. 7 ............. ............ . . ........................ . .............. 2.12 L.eawfat epro te.ntial. . . . 7 ................. .................... ............................. .................. .... 2.2.Fr2iu wta tpeort e.n..t.i.a.l. ... 8 . .. ........ ......... ... ... ........................................................ 2.3Me asureomfse tnotmsca otnadlu catnapdnh coet osynthesis . 8 .............................. ....... 2.4M easureomfge rnotwst h . . 8 ............................................................. ................... ...... ..... 24.1. Shogorto wth . 8 ..................... ................................................................................. 2.4.F2ru girto wth . . . 8 ............ .... ..................................... ................................................. 2.M5e asuroemffuer inytti ealndsd i dzies tri.b.ut.i.o.n. ........9 ....................................... ." 2.6D etermionffa ritumtia otnu .r.ity .. . 9 .............................. . ......... ...................................... v 2.6.1I nternal ectohnycleennter ation 9 ........................................ ........... ................. ....... 2.6.2S tarpcaht teirnnd ex 10 ....... ............. .................................. ..................................... 2.7D eterminaotffi rounqi uta lity 10 .............................. ..................................................... 2.7.1F ruidte nsity 10 ......... ............... ................ ................... ............................ ................ 2.7.2F ruistk icno lour 10 ........... .......................... ....................... .................. .................. 2.7.3F lesfhi rmness 10 ...... .................. ................................... .................. ...................... 2.7.4P hysiolodgiiscoarld ers . 10 ............. ...................................... ................................. 2.7.5A romav olatiles 11 ................... ................ .............. ............ ..................... ............... 2.7.6T otaslo lubsloel ids . 11 ............... ...... ..................................................................... 2.7.7T itrataacbildei t.y 11 .... ......... ............ ................................... ........................ .......... 2.7.8S olubslueg ars .. 12 ........ ....................... . ............ ..................... ................................ 2.7.9D rym attceorn tent.. 12 ..... ............ ............................ .......................... ............. ....... 2.7.1F0r uimti nercaoln centration 13 ............................................... ................................ 2.7.1W1e ighlto ss 13 ............. .......................................................... .................. ............... 2.8S tatisatniaclayls is 13 ........................................ ............ ............... .................................. SECTIONT WO: TIMINGE FFECTSO F DEFICITI RRIGATIOONN FRUIT GROWT H,S IZEA,N D QUALITy 14 ................................... ............................................ ChapteTrh ree:L iteratRuervei ew:SeasToinmailno gf D eficiItr rigatainodn TheiErff ectosn F ruiGtr owthS,i zaen, dQ uality 15 ........................................................ 3.1I ntroduction 15 ......................................................................................................... ...... 3.2W atedre fiacnidtf rugirto w.t.h. .............................................1..5.. ............................... 3.3W ater deafnidfc riuti t q.u.a.l.i.t.y. ....................................1..6.. .................................... 3.3.1F lesfhi rmness 16 ............... .......... ............ ............... ............ ....... .......... .................. VI 3.3T.o2t saoll usbollei ds . ... 17 ............................................................. .................... . . .... 3.3T.i3rt ataabclied. i.t.y. ...................................................1...7... .................................. 3.43 S.kicno l.ou.r. ............................................................1....7... ............... ................... 3.3M.i5en rcaolm pos.i.t.i.o.n. ...............................1..8.. ................................................ 3.3A.r6o mvao la.t.i..l...e...s... .....................................................................1...9... .. ....... 3.3S.ot7r apgoet e.n.t...i..a.l.. ...........................................................1...9.. .. .................... ChaptFeoru rT:i miEnffge cotfsD eficIirtr igaotnFi rounQi uta liatnydS otrage Potenti'aBlr aoefbA uprpnl'ie nR elattioFo rnu Siitz e 21 .............................................. Abstract 21 .................................. .............................................................. ............................. 41. Introd.u.c.t.i..o..n.. .............................................2..2.. .................................................... 4.2M aterainamdle st h.o.ds. .................................2.3.. ....................................................... 4.12 .Expericmoenndtiaatlni tdor nesa t.m.e.n.ts. ..........2.3. .......................................... 4.2.M2ea seumrenotfs wsaotiseltr a .t.u.s. .............2.3. ................................................. 4.2.M3ea usremoeffnu rtig tr owytihe,al ndsd,i dzsiet ribution .. 24 ......................... . .... 4.42 .Frusiatm plainqndug a lity apsrsoetso.cs.om.le.sn. t. ......2.4. ................................ 4.2.S5t atiasnltayisciasl.. . . .25 ........ . ...................................................... ................ ....... .. 4.3R esultdsi sacnu.ds. s.i.o.n. ..................2.5. ..................................................................... 4.13 .Voleutmrsiowcia lt ceorn t.e.n.t. ...........................2..5 ......................................... 4.3.Fr2u girto wth . 27 .................................... ........................................ .................. ........ 4.3.Y3ie mleda,fn ri uwte igahnftdr i usti dzsiet rib.u.t.i.o.n. .....2.8. ............................. 4.43 .Fruqiuta lainstdty o rpaogtee n.t.i.a.L. .....................2..9. ...................................... 4.431..F irmndersmyas t,ct oenr taennddte ,n s.i.t.y. ..........29. ...................................... 4..34T.o2t saoll usbollesi odlsu,b lea nstdui gtarraastc,ai bd.liet. y ... 30 .. ....... ......... .. .. vii 4.3.4A.r3o ma vola..t.i.l..e..s.. .............................................3..2.. ............. ..................... 4.3.4P.h4y siolodgiiscoarld aenrdms i nercaoln centra.t.i..o..n....s..... ............3.4. ...... . . 4.3.4W.e5i ghlto s.s. ..........................................................................................3..5 . .. . . . 4.3.4I.n6t erentahly lecnoen centraantdis otna rpcaht teirnn de.x. ..................3 .6. ...... . 4.4S ummar.y.. ..........................................................................................................3 7 . .. . . . Acknowledgem..e..n.t.s. .........................................................................................3..7... .. . . . . SECTIONT HREE:T REE WATER USE, TREPEH YSIOLOGYY,I ELDA ND QUALITYI NR ESPONSET O DEFICIITR RIGATIOANN D TO CROP LOAD.3 8 ChapteFri veL:i teratRuervei ewT:r eeW ater Use,P hTyrseieo lYoigeyl,ad n,d FruiQtu aliitnyR espontsoeD eficIirtr igataindot noC rop Load 39 .......................••.... 5.1I ntroduc.t..i..o..n.. .............................................................................................3..9.. ... . . 5.2T rewea ter .u.s.e. ..............................................................................................3. .9.. ... . . 5.2.1W atelro stsh routgrha nspir.a.t.i...o..n.. ....................................................3...9. . . . . . 5.2.2D eficiirtr igaatnido nt wraeteeu rs .e. ..................................................4.0. ........... . 5.2.4C ropl oaadn dt rewea teurs .e. ..................................................................4 .0. ..... . . 5.3P lanwta tesrt at.u.s... ................................................................................................4.1 . 5.3.1R oleisn,fl uencing faancdat sosress,s m.e.n.t..... ...........................................41. . . . 5.3.2W atedre fiacnidtp lanwta tesrt at.u.s... ........................................................ .42. . . . 5.3.3C ropl oaadn dp lanwta tesrt at.u.s. ..................................................4..2.. ............ . . 5.4S tomatcaoln duct.a.n.c..e.. ..............................................................4..3.. .................. . . . . . 5.4.1W atedre fiacnidts tomatcaoln ducta..n....c.e. .........................................43.. ... . . . . . . 5.4.2C ropl oaadn ds tomatcaoln duct.a.n.c.e. ..................44. ......................................... 5.5P hotosyntahnedgs aisse xchan.g.e. .........................44. ................................................. 5.5.1W atedre ficpihto,t osyntahnedsg iasse, x chan.g.e. ..............44. ............................ Vlll 5.5C.r2o lpo apdh,o toessyiansntg,dha esx change 45 ................................................... 5.G6r owatnhyd i e.l.d. .............................................4..6.. ................................................... 56.1. Watdeerif cgirto,w atnhyd,i e.l.d. .......................4..6.. .......................................... 56.1..V1e getativ.e. ..g..r..o..w.t..h.. ...........................4.6.. ............................................ 56.1.2. Frguriotwy tihe,al ndsd,i .z.e. ........................4..6. ............................................ 56..2C rolpo agdr,o watnhyd,i eld 47 .......................... ................................................... 56..12V .egetative grow.th 47 ....................... ................................................ ................. 56..2F.r2ug irto wytihe,al ndsd,i ze .74 .................................... ..................................... 5.F7r uqiuta lity 48 ...................... ..................................... .................................................... 5.17 .Watdeerif caintfd ur iqtu ality 48 ...................... ..................................................... 57..2C rolpo aadnf dr iuqtu ality 48 ....................................... ......................................... 57.2.1.F lefsrihm ness 48 .............................. .......................................................... ....... 57..2T.o2ts aoll usbollaein dtdsi traatcaibdliet y .84 .................................................... 57..2S.k3i n c.o.lo..ur. . .. 48 . . ....... ............................ ....................................................... 5.27.M.4i naelcr ontcreantion 49 ..................................................... .............................. 57..2S.ot5ra pgoet ential 49 .......................... .................................................................. ChaptSeirxW :a teurs ey,i ealndd,f ruqiuta loiftI yy simetera-pgprltoerwe ne s: respontsod eesfi ciirtr igaantdit oocn r olpo ad 50 ............................................................ Abstract 50 ........................................................................... .................................................. 61. Introduction 52 ............................................................................... ................................ 6.2Ma terainamdle st hods 52 ........................................................... ................................... 62.1. Expericmoenndtiaatlni tdor nesa tm.ents . 52 ... ............................... ....................... 6.2.Me2a sureomfve onlteustm rsiowcia lt ceorn tent 53 ............................................... 6.2.De3t ermionfta rtweiaeot unes re 54 ........................ ................................................ 6.2.Me4a seumrenotfps l awnatts etra tus 54 ................................. .................................
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