Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Preliminary Science Report

529 Pages·1974·54.55 MB·English

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1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.
NASA TM X-58173
4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date
February 1976
APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT
6. Performing Organization Code
PRELIMINARY SCIENCE REPORT
JSC-10632
7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No.
NASA Editorial Review oard, R. Thomas Giuli (Chairman)
- 10. Work Unit No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address 953-36-00-00-72
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 11. Contract or Grant No.
Houston, Texas 77058
13. Type of Report and Period Covered
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
Technical Memorandum
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
14. Sponsoring Agency Code
Washington, D. C. 20546
15. Su pplementary Notes
16. Abstract
This document summarizes the experimental concepts and preliminary analyses (as of
December 1975) for each of the 28 scientific experiments conducted during the Apollo-Soyuz
Test Project from July 15 to 24, 1975. The scientific topics are X-ray and extreme ultra-
violet astronomy, solar astronomy, gamma-ray detectors, Earth studies (including the upper
atmosphere, meteorological phenomena, hydrology, oceanography, geology, desert studies,
and gravity field studies), microbiology, heavy cosmic particle interaction with live cells,
vestibular system studies, and materials processing (including high-temperature and ambient-
temperature processing of industrial materials and electrophoretic processing of biological
m ate rials) .
17. Key Words (Suggested by Author(s)) 18. Distribution Statement
Orbital science Materials proceSSing STAR Subject category:
Astronomy Crystal growth
Solar physics Life sciences 88 (Space Sciences, General)
Earth observations Electrophoresis
Space applications Microbiology
19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price'
529 $12.50
Unclassified Unclassified
' For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151
NASA - JSC
lSC Form 1424 (Rev lui 74)
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l_ ___ - Apollo-Soyuz crewmen Donald K. Slayton, Thomas P. Stafford, Vance D. Brand,
Alexei A. Leonov, and Valeri N. Kubasov
NASA TM X-58173
APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT
PRELIMINARY SCIENCE REPORT
I
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U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
For sale by tbe Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
Stock No.: 033-000-00639-0
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EDITORIAL BOARD
The material submitted for the "Apollo-Soyuz Test
Project Preliminary Science Report" was reviewed by a
NASA Editorial Review Board consisting of the following
members: R. Thomas Giuli (Chairman) , J. Vernon Bailey,
Richard R. Baldwin, Leland J. Casey, P. Donald Gerke,
John K. Holcomb, David N. Holman, W. Wilson Lauderdale ,
Patricia D. Marsden, James M. Sanders, Robert S. Snyder,
Orion E. Tollefsbol, and Lyle Vande Zande.
Cover: Drawing by artist Robert McCall, 1974
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CONTENTS
Section Page
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Chester M. Lee and Glynn S. Lunney
1 SUMMARY OF SCIENTIFIC RESULTS 1-1
R. T. Giuli
2 MISSION DESCRIPTION 2-1
S. N. Hardee
3 SOFT X-RAY OBSERVATION - EXPERIMENT MA-048 3-1
S. Shulman, G. Fritz, D. Yentis, R. G. Cruddace,
H. Friedman, W. Snyder, and R. C. Henry
4 EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET SURVEY -
EXPERIMENT MA-083 4-1
S. Bowyer, B. Margon, M. Lampton, F. Paresce,
and R. Stern
5 INTERSTELLAR HELIUM GLOW - EXPERIMENT MA-088 5-1
S. Bowyer, J. Freeman, F. Paresce, M. Lampton,
and B. Margon
6 ARTIFICIAL SOLAR ECLIPSE - EXPERIMENT MA-148 6-1
R. T. Giuli, M. D. Jenness, A. N. Lunde,
and K. A. Young
7 CRYSTAL ACTIVATION - EXPERIMENT MA-151 .. . .. . 7-1
J . I. Trombka, E. L. Eller, R. L. Schmadebeck,
C. S. Dyer, R. C. Reedy, D. W. Barr, J. S. Gilmore,
R. J . Prestwood, B. P. Bayhurst, D. G. Perry,
A. R. Smith, R. C. Cordi, R. H. Pehl; J. S. Eldridge,
E. Schonfeld, and A. E. Metzger
8 ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION - EXPERIMENT MA-059 8-1
T. M. Donahue, R. D. Hudson, J. Anderson,
F. Kaufman, and M. B. McElroy
9 STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL MEASUREMENT -
EXPERIMENT MA-007 ......... , 9-1
T. J. Pepin and M. P. McCormick
10 EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND PHOTOGRAPHY -
EXPERIMENT MA -136 . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
Farouk El-Baz and D. A. Mitchell
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Section Page
11 DOPPLER TRACKING - EXPERIMENT MA-089 11-1
G. C. Weiffenbach and M. D. Grossi
12 GEODYNAMICS - EXPERIMENT MA-128 ..... . 12-1
F. O. Vonbun, W. D. Kahn, J. W. Bryan,
P. E. Schmid, W. T. Wells, and T. D. Conrad
13 QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATION OF LIGHT FLASH
SENSATIONS - EXPERIMENT MA-106 .......... . 13-1
T. F. Budinger, C. A. Tobias, E. Schopper,
J. U. Schott, R. H. Huesman, F. T. Upham,
T. F. Wieskamp, J. M. Kucala, F. S. Goulding,
D. A. Landis, J. T. Walton, and R. E. Walton
14 BIOSTACK III - EXPERIMENT MA-107 .... 14-1
H. Bucker, R. Facius, D. Hildebrand, G. Horneck,
G. Reitz, U. Scheidemann, M. Schafer, C. Thomas,
B. Toth, A. R. Kranz, E. H. Graul, W. Ruther,
M. Delpoux, H. Planel, J. P. Soleilhavoup, C. A. Tobias,
T. Yang, E. Schopper, J. U. Schott, E. Obst,
O. C. Allkofer, K. P. Bartholoma, R. Beaujean, W. Enge,
W. Heinrich, H. Fran<sois, G. Portal, R. Kaiser,
J. P. Massue, R. Pfohl, C. Jacquot, E. V. Benton,
and D. D. Peterson
15 ZONE-FORMING FUNGI - EXPERIMENT MA-147 15-1
T. D. Rogers, G. R. Taylor, and M. E. Brower
16 MICROBIAL EXCHANGE - EXPERIMENT AR-002 . 16-1
G. R. Taylor, K. D. Kropp, M. R. Henney,
S. S. Ekblad, T. O. Groves, T. C. Molina,
J. G. Decelle, C. F. Carmichael, N. J. Gehring,
and E. L. Young
17 CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE - EXPERIMENT MA -031 . . . 17-1
B. S. Criswell
18 THE EFFECTS OF SPACE FLIGHT ON POLYMORPHONUCLEAR
LEUKOCYTE RESPONSE - EXPERIMENT MA-032 . . . . . . 18-1
R. R. Martin
19 KILLIFISH HATCHING AND ORIENTATION -
EXPERIMENT MA -161 . . . . . . . . . . 19-1
H. W. ScheId, J. F. Boyd, G. A. Bozarth,
J. A. Conner, V. B. Eichler, P. M. Fuller,
R. B. Hoffman, J. R. Keefe, K. P. Kuchnow,
J. M. Oppenheimer, G. A. Salinas, and
R. J. von Baumgarten
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Section Page
20 ELECTROPHORESIS TECHNOLOGY -
EXPERIMENT MA-Oll ............. .. . 20-1
R. E. Allen, G. H. Barlow, M. Bier, P. E. Bigazzi,
R. J. Knox, F. J. Micale, G. V. F. Seaman,
J. W. Vanderhoff, C. J. Van Oss, W. J. Patterson,
F. E. Scott, P. H. Rhodes, B. H. Nerren , and
R. J. Harwell
21 ELECTROPHORESIS EXPERIMENT -
EXPERIMENT MA-014 .... 21-1
K. Hannig and H. Wirth
22 MULTIPURPOSE ELECTRIC FURNACE -
EXPERIMENT MA-010 ..... . 22-1
A. Boese, J. McHugh, and R. Seidensticker
23 SURFACE-TENSION-INDUCED CONVECTION -
EXPERIMENT MA-041 ....... . 23-1
R. E. Reed
24 MONOTECTIC AND SYNTECTIC ALLOYS -
EXPERIMENT MA-044 . . . . . . . 24-1
C. Y. Ang and L. L. Lacy
25 INTERFACE MARKINGS IN CRYSTALS -
EXPERIMENT MA-060 ..... . 25-1
H. C. Gatos and A. F. Wi~t
26 ZERO-G PROCESSING OF MAGNETS -
EXPERIMENT MA-070 ...... . 26-1
D. J. Larson, Jr.
27 CRYSTAL GROWTH FROM THE VAPOR PHASE -
EXPERIMENT MA-085 .......... . 27-1
H. Wiedemeier, H. Sadeek, F. C. Klaessig,
and M. Norek
28 HALIDE EUTECTIC GROWTH - EXPERIMENT MA-131 28-1
A. S. Yue, B. K. Yue, and J. Y. M. Lee
29 MULTIPLE MATERIAL MELTING -
EXPERIMENT MA-150 29-1
R. S. Snyder and A. Boese
30 CRYSTAL GROWTH - EXPERIMENT MA-028 30-1
M. D. Lind
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Section Page
31 SCIENCE DEMONSTRATIONS ........ .. .. . 31-1
R. S. Snyder, K. S. Clifton, B. Facemire,
A. F. Whitaker, P. G. Grodska, and S. Bourgeois
APPENDIX A - ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS A-I
APPENDIX B - UNITS AND UNIT-CONVERSION FACTORS B-1
APPENDIX C - HARDWARE VENDORS C-l
APPENDIX D - POINTS OF CONTACT D- l
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INTRODUCTION
Chester M. Lee and Glynn S. Lunney
International cooperation was the keynote of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.
In the 3 years since the project was initiated in the U.S. -U .S .S .R. Agreement
Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space (signed by the
U.S. and U.S.S .R. Heads of State on May 24, 1972), the great effort expended in
coordination, communication, and integration culminated in the highly successful
flight from July 15 to 24, 1975. The 9-day flight marked the first time that manned
spacecraft of two nations have met in space for joint engineering and scientific
investigations.
The principal objective of the project was to develop a compatible docking
system and rendezvous and crew transfer procedures that might be appropriate
for future international manned space missions. This objective was successfully
accomplished.
An additional objective of major importance was the program of scientific
investigations conducted during the mission. A science program was planned
by NASA that made abundant use of the experimental opportunities afforded by
the mission parameters and spacecraft capabilities. The 2-day docked phase
of the flight was used to conduct three experiments that required joint scientific
activities within the two spacecraft. Subsequent to the docked phase, two addi
tional joint scientific experiments were conducted that required involved, precise
maneuvering of the Apollo spacecraft relative to, and in the proximity of, the
Soyuz spacecraft. The remaining unilateral phases of the mission were likewise
used effectively by each country to perform scientific experiments on a unilateral
basis. In addition to the five joint U . S. -U . S. S . R. experiments, the Apollo crewmen
conducted 23 unilateral experiments. Two of these were provIded by the Federal
Republic of Germany - a further illustration of the international scope of the
mission. Not only was scientific research served by this mission, but worldwide
space-science awareness was promoted through extensive home television broad
casting and filming of flight experimentation and in-flight science demonstrations.
This report discusses the joint experiments and the U.S .-conducted unilateral
experiments . It provides detailed descriptions of the scientific concepts and exper
iment design and operation. The results of scientific analyses are preliminary .
Although much analysis remains to be done by the scientists involved in this pro
gram, the preliminary results indicate significant scientific achievements. The
Summary Science Report, to be published in the latter part of 1976, will contain
more detailed results of the experiment analyses. The scientific value of this
international venture will contribute significantly to the development of future
international science collaboration on the Space Shuttle flights and other projects.
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