apa referencing guide ubdlc

47 Pages·2015·2.46 MB·English

Universiti Brunei Darussalam
Language Centre

APA REFERENCING
GUIDE

DRAFT

2015
http://lc.ubd.edu.bn/
DRAFT

Language Centre
Universiti Brunei Darussalam
2015

http://lc.ubd.edu.bn

Thank you to the following former LE-1503 and LE-2503 students who have given permission for
their work to be printed in this guide; Sabrina binti Mohamad Daud, Regene Lim Kychin, AHM Saiful
Hakimin PH Duraman, Dk Nur Afiqah Jalwati Puteri Pg Md Caesar Perkasa Putera; and Norhasnizan binti Hj
Abd Razak, Nurul Fatin Afiqah Bte Haji Abdul Razak ; Zatil Izni Syamimi Bte Hj Awg Tengah.
DRAFT
1 CONTENTS
2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 5
3 GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................ 5
4 EXAMPLE OF IN-TEXT REFERENCING ...................................................................................... 6
5 EXAMPLE OF REFERENCE LIST ................................................................................................ 6
6 MATCH BETWEEN IN-TEXT AND LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................. 7
7 MORE EXAMPLES OF IN-TEXT REFERENCING .......................................................................... 8
EXAMPLE ONE ..................................................................................................................................... 8
EXAMPLE TWO .................................................................................................................................... 8
8 PRINCIPLES ........................................................................................................................... 9
9 APA – GENERAL RULES ........................................................................................................ 10
10 APA IN-TEXT GUIDE ......................................................................................................... 11
BASIC FORMS OF A QUOTATION ...................................................................................................... 11
BASIC FORMS OF A PARAPHRASE ..................................................................................................... 11
11 APA LIST OF REFERENCES GUIDE ...................................................................................... 12
BOOK- one author ............................................................................................................................. 12
BOOK - two authors .......................................................................................................................... 12
BOOK - three to five authors ............................................................................................................. 12
BOOK - six or more authors .............................................................................................................. 12
BOOK - chapter in edited book ......................................................................................................... 12
BOOK - chapter in edited book from database ................................................................................. 12
BOOK or REPORT – Corporate author, eg. organisation, association, government department ..... 13
BOOK or REPORT – When author and publisher are the same ........................................................ 13
JOURNAL ARTICLE - Academic/scholarly (electronic version) with DOI ........................................... 13
JOURNAL ARTICLE - Academic/scholarly (electronic version) with no DOI ...................................... 13
JOURNAL ARTICLE - Academic/scholarly (print version) ................................................................... 13
JOURNAL ARTICLE - Academic/scholarly (Internet only – no print version) ..................................... 13
JOURNAL ARTICLE – Three to Five authors ....................................................................................... 14
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - (Print version) .............................................................................................. 14
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - (Database like proquest) ............................................................................. 14
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - No author .................................................................................................... 14
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE – Online.......................................................................................................... 14
WEBPAGE .......................................................................................................................................... 14
WEBPAGE – No author ...................................................................................................................... 15
WEBPAGE – No date ......................................................................................................................... 15
DRAFT
THESIS ............................................................................................................................................... 15
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT .............................................................................................................. 15
REPORT FROM A PRIVATE ORGANISATION - Author and publisher are the same ........................... 15
CONFERENCE PAPER - online ............................................................................................................ 15
ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY ....................................................................................................... 15
POWERPOINT SLIDES ........................................................................................................................ 16
COURSE HANDOUTS - Course handout/Lecture notes ..................................................................... 16
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION (letters, telephone conversations, emails, interviews) ................... 16
MAGAZINE ARTICLE popular/trade/general interest........................................................................ 16
FILM................................................................................................................................................... 16
SONG ................................................................................................................................................. 16
12 WHAT DO I DO IF … ? ...................................................................................................... 17
MALAY NAME .................................................................................................................................... 17
CHINESE NAME ................................................................................................................................. 18
CHINESE NAME MIXED WITH ENGLISH NAMES ................................................................................ 18
INHERITED title.................................................................................................................................. 18
CONFERRED TITLE ............................................................................................................................. 18
NO NAME .......................................................................................................................................... 18
NO DATE ............................................................................................................................................ 18
MULTIPLE AUTHORS ......................................................................................................................... 19
MULTIPLE TEXTS - Different authors ............................................................................................... 19
MULTIPLE TEXTS – one author-different years ................................................................................. 19
MULTIPLE TEXTS – one author -SAME YEAR ..................................................................................... 19
WESTERN NAMES.............................................................................................................................. 19
SECONDARY SOURCE ........................................................................................................................ 20
13 RECOMMENDED WEBSITES ............................................................................................. 20
FOR MORE INFORMATION ................................................................................................................ 20
FOR PRACTICE - Quizzes .................................................................................................................... 20
APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................. 20
Appendix A – Sample essay ........................................................................................................ 2201
Appendix B – Sample report ....................................................................................................... 20
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UNIVERSITI BRUNEI DARUSSALAM – LANGUAGE CENTRE – APA REFERENCING GUIDE, 2015
DRAFT
2 INTRODUCTION
There are several purposes for using correct referencing; to acknowledge the work of others; to
avoid plagiarism; to show that you have read relevant information about the topic; and to enable a
reader to find and read the source if they wish to.
APA is one of several styles of referencing (APA, Harvard, Chicago, MLA) and it is used through most
of the university. Your faculty may use another style. If so, the principles are the same, but the
formatting may be quite different. You will need to learn both styles. The letters APA stand for
‘American Psychological Society’ and that organization issues The Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association. The book has guidelines on document formatting (font size, font
style, spacing, margins and so on) and on spelling, structure of research papers, tables and citations.
This booklet will cover referencing.

3 GLOSSARY
Citation – crediting a specific source used in research. The in-text citation gives a brief indication of
the source. The full details are generally given in a reference list at the end of the paper.
Bibliography – A list of relevant sources. It is different to a Reference List because a bibliography can
list sources that you have not used in your paper while a Reference List includes only sources that
have been used in the paper.
DOI– Digital Object identifier – If you retrieved a document from a database, you must cite the
article DOI in the reference. You don’t need to cite the database. Using this information, your
readers can find the article by entering the DOI into a DOI resolver (not by entering it into the
address bar like a URL). You can find DOI resolvers at DOI.org and crossref.org.
Ellipsis – three spaced dots … which are used to show that you have omitted something from a
quotation. Note that if you omit something, you must not change the meaning of the original text.
Hanging indent - first line of each reference is on the left margin, but the following lines are
indented by 1.25 cm creating a hanging indent.
Indirect quotation – also called ‘paraphrasing.’ Restating the author’s words in your own words
while keeping the original meaning. To avoid plagiarism there must be significant changes to the
original work.
In-text referencing – uses the author’s name and the year a document was published. This shows
the reader where the material came from.
Reference List – A list of all the sources you have paraphrased or quoted in your assignment. The
Reference List should be on a separate page. All the works are listed alphabetically by the author’s
family name (or if there is no name, by the first word in the title). Documents that have been
consulted, but not quoted or paraphrased are not used in your list.
Secondary citation – When you are doing your research you sometimes see a quotation in the
document you are reading. If you quote the original document, that becomes a secondary citation.
See page 20 for an example.
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4 EXAMPLE OF IN-TEXT REFERENCING

There are no L1 or L2 studies examining the relationship between coverage and television
comprehension. However, research investigating the coverage necessary for reading and listening
comprehension may provide some indication of how much vocabulary is necessary for adequate
comprehension of television programs. L2 studies have differed in the amount of text coverage that is
needed for adequate comprehension to occur. Estimates are 95% for reasonable comprehension of a
text (Laufer, 1989), 98% for learners to read for pleasure (Hirsh & Nation, 1992), 98% for adequate
unassisted reading comprehension (Hu & Nation, 2000), and 98% for ideal coverage of written text
(Nation, 2006). Hu and Nation's (2000) research is the most comprehensive study of text coverage.
They examined L2 learners' comprehension of a relatively easy fiction text with differing amounts of
text coverage. The results indicated that at 90% text coverage, a small number of learners gain
adequate comprehension; at 95% text coverage, more learners gain adequate comprehension but they
are still a minority; and at 100% text coverage, most learners are able to understand the text. A
regression analysis indicated that 98% coverage was needed for adequate comprehension without use
of a dictionary or glossary. Hu and Nation also suggested that because the text in their study was
relatively easy to understand, learners may need greater coverage of texts from different genres such
as newspapers and academic texts. Hu and Nation's study is supported by L1 research that also found
text coverage of 98–99% to be appropriate, with the difference in coverage dependent on the
difficulty of the text (Carver, 1994).

5 EXAMPLE OF REFERENCE LIST
REFERENCES
Carver, R. P. (1994). Percentage of unknown vocabulary words in text as a function of the relative
difficulty of the text: Implications for instruction. Journal of Reading Behavior, 26, 413–
437.
Hirsh, D., & Nation, P. (1992). What vocabulary size is needed to read unsimplified texts for
pleasure? Reading in a Foreign Language, 8(2), 689–696.
Hu, M., & Nation, I. S. P. (2000). Vocabulary density and reading comprehension. Reading in a
Foreign Language, 13(1), 403–430.
Laufer, B. (1989). What percentage of text lexis is essential for
comprehension? In C.Lauren & M.Nordman (Eds.), Special language: From humans
thinking to thinking machines (pp. 316–323). Clevedon , UK : Multilingual Matters.
Nation, I. S. P. (2006). How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening? Canadian Modern
Language Review, 63, 59–82.

Example text for In-text and List of References is from DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00509.x
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00509.x/

NOTE THE FOLLOWING
1. The first line of each reference is on the left margin, but the subsequent lines are indented
creating a hanging indent.
2. The font is Times New Roman
3. References are listed in alphabetical order by author.

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DRAFT
6 MATCH BETWEEN IN-TEXT AND LIST OF REFERENCES
There are no L1 or L2 studies examining the relationship between coverage and television
comprehension. However, research investigating the coverage necessary for reading and listening
comprehension may provide some indication of how much vocabulary is necessary for adequate
comprehension of television programs. L2 studies have differed in the amount of text coverage that is
needed for adequate comprehension to occur. Estimates are 95% for reasonable comprehension of a
text (Laufer, 1989), 98% for learners to read for pleasure (Hirsh & Nation, 1992), 98% for adequate
unassisted reading comprehension (Hu & Nation, 2000), and 98% for ideal coverage of written text
(Nation, 2006). Hu and Nation's (2000)research is the most comprehensive study of text coverage.
They examined L2 learners' comprehension of a relatively easy fiction text with differing amounts of
text coverage. The results indicated that at 90% text coverage, a small number of learners gain
adequate comprehension; at 95% text coverage, more learners gain adequate comprehension but they
are still a minority; and at 100% text coverage, most learners are able to understand the text. A
regression analysis indicated that 98% coverage was needed for adequate comprehension without use
of a dictionary or glossary. Hu and Nation also suggested that because the text in their study was
relatively easy to understand, learners may need greater coverage of texts from different genres such
as newspapers and academic texts. Hu and Nation's study is supported by L1 research that also found
text coverage of 98–99% to be appropriate, with the difference in coverage dependent on the
difficulty of the text (Carver, 1994).

REFERENCES
Carver, R. P. (1994). Percentage of unknown vocabulary words in text as a function of the relative
difficulty of the text: Implications for instruction. Journal of Reading Behavior, 26, 413–
437.
Hirsh, D., & Nation, P. (1992). What vocabulary size is needed to read unsimplified texts for
pleasure? Reading in a Foreign Language, 8(2), 689–696.
Hu, M., & Nation, I. S. P. (2000). Vocabulary density and reading comprehension. Reading in a
Foreign Language, 13(1), 403–430.
Laufer, B. (1989). What percentage of text lexis is essential for
comprehension? In C.Lauren & M.Nordman (Eds.), Special language: From humans
thinking to thinking machines (pp. 316–323). Clevedon , UK : Multilingual Matters.
Nation, I. S. P. (2006). How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening? Canadian Modern
Language Review, 63, 59–82.

NOTE THE FOLLOWING
1. Every citation is linked to an entry in the List of References.
2. The List of References is in alphabetical order.

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DRAFT
7 MORE EXAMPLES OF IN-TEXT REFERENCING
EXAMPLE ONE

‘Culture’ too, has many definitions. One of importance is from Hall (1977), who states, “All countries
have their own identity, language, systems of nonverbal communication, material culture, history and
ways of doing things” (p. 2). There is also another definition, which divides culture into two concepts
(Moran, 2001). The first is called the ‘big C,’ which is the traditional, objective culture (for example,
food, theater, art, dance, or music). Then there is ‘small c’ which is the called the subjective culture.
This has no existence except in human behavior. ‘Small c’ culture is an abstraction produced by
thought and can define characteristics such as body movement, how we live, how we learn, how we
work, and how we express love, in response to similar events and experiences.

This text is from an article by:
Meiki, S., (2010). A Topic-Based Syllabus for a Cross-Cultural Communication Course: The Case of a University in Japan.
Intercultural Communication Studies XIX: 1 2010. Downloaded from
http://www.uri.edu/iaics/content/2010v19n1/15SusanMeiki.pdf

EXAMPLE TWO

In psychology, disagreement focuses on the empirical process and away from investigators as
individuals. Three common disagreement strategies were illustrated in the sample articles from
psychology. The generality of another's proposal may be challenged, as Tenpenny and Shoben
(1992) did in asserting, “this [theoretical] distinction is not able to deal with an increasing number of
results” (p. 25), or methodology may be questioned as illustrated by Hirshman and Durante (1992):
“The primary criticism is that the threshold-setting procedures used in previous experiments are not
adequate to ensure that …” (p. 255); or the data of another investigator may be reinterpreted to
support a rival position. Myers's (1990) analysis of empirical biology articles found similar examples
of disagreement.

This text is from an article by:
Madigan, R., Johnson, S., & Linton, P., (1995). The Language of Psychology: APA Style as Epistemology. American
Psychologist 50 (6) 428-436

NOTE THE FOLLOWING
1. In the corresponding List of References, we would expect to see a listing for each of the
authors cited above.
2. Note the placement of the page number for a quotation. It comes at the end of the sentence
outside the quotation marks, but before the full stop.
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DRAFT
8 PRINCIPLES
1. When do you need to use a citation? To answer that you need to ask the question; is it
common knowledge?

If it is common knowledge, don’t use a citation. If it isn’t common knowledge, use a citation.
If you aren’t sure, use a citation. So for example, if you read that the population of Brunei is
420,000 and you want to use that information, you must first ask, is it common knowledge.
In this case it is, so you don’t need a citation. However, if you read that the population of
Brunei is 428, 362 and you use that number, that isn’t common knowledge, so you do need a
citation. Here are some examples.

1. Pandas are black and white. (Common knowledge – no citation)
2. There are only 1650 pandas left in the wild. (Not common knowledge – use a
citation)
3. The currency of Europe is the Euro. (Common knowledge – no citation)
4. One hundred Kazakhstan Tenge is equal to 72 Brunei sen. (Not common knowledge
– use a citation).

2. The entries in the in-text citations must match the entries in the List of References. So, for
example, if the entry in the list of references is:

Carver, R. P. (1994). Percentage of unknown vocabulary words in text as a function
of the relative difficulty of the text: Implications for instruction. Journal
of Reading Behavior, 26, 413–437.

Then the in-text citation must begin in exactly the same way (Carver) and then also include
the year.
(Carver, 1994)

3. If there is no author and you have to use the name of an article, then again the List of
References and the in-text must match:
Malaysia to cut fuel subsidies. (2014, November 22). The Brunei Times. Retrieved on
November 23, 2014 from: http://www.bt.com.bn/business-
asia/2014/11/22/malaysia-cut-fuel-subsidies

And the in-text will be
(“Malaysia to cut fuel,” 2014)
Note that usually we reduce the article title to the first three or four words and we put it in
quotation marks. Here is another example. An article written in 2014 with no author called
“New training facility for welders soon” would be shortened to
(“New training facility,” 2014)

4. If you have a document with no date such as a website, you use the letters n.d. instead of
the date. For example,
(Smith, n.d.)
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5. If you are quoting, you cannot change anything. You must use quotation marks and you
must reproduce the words of the original author exactly. However, there are two exceptions
to this. One is for ellipsis and one for square brackets.

a. Ellipsis means three dots … They are used when we have left out a word or words.
We do this when we don’t need the whole quote and we want to leave out
something in the middle. That is okay, but we must not change the meaning.
“The participants are also assessed … on presentation” (Zailani, 2014)
b. Square brackets. We use square brackets when we change or add a word. The usual
reason for doing this is to make the grammar match the rest of our sentence. Again
we must not change the meaning.
Currently “the participants are also [being] assessed based on presentation” (Zailani,
2014).
6. If you are uncertain about how to format something, google it. It is usually reasonably easy
to find the information you are looking for. However, if you are really stuck, then you need
to give it your best attempt. This is the advice from the APA website.
In general, a reference should contain the author name, date of publication,
title of the work, and publication data. When you cannot find the example
reference you need in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, choose the example that is most like your source and follow that
format. Sometimes you will need to combine elements of more than one
reference format. (APA Style, 2014)
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/example-reference.aspx
This means that you should make every attempt to find the correct way to reference
something, but if you can’t find how to do it, use something similar as your model and do
your best. The main ideas are to clearly acknowledge your source, avoid plagiarism, use the
formatting as appropriately as possible and be consistent. If you do something one way the
first time, continue to use the same format throughout the document.

9 APA – GENERAL RULES

1. Your essay should be written in Times New Roman, size 12.

2. Use a 2.5 cm margin above below and on both sides of your text.

3. Use a header with the name of your essay – all in capital letters.

4. Put the page number in the top right of your header.

5. Double space your writing.

6. There are specific formats for headings.

a. Level 1 – centred, bold

b. Level 2 – left aligned, bold

c. Level 3 – indented 5 spaces, bold, lowercase with a full stop at the end.

d. Level 4 – indented, bold, italics. Lower case with a full stop.

7. Put the List of References on a separate page.
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