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Antisocial Behavior - Causes, Correls. and Trtmts. - R. Clarke (Nova, 2011) WW PDF

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PSYCHOLOGY OF EMOTIONS, MOTIVATIONS AND ACTIONS ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR: CAUSES, CORRELATIONS AND TREATMENTS No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. PSYCHOLOGY OF EMOTIONS, MOTIVATIONS AND ACTIONS Additional books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the Series tab. Additional E-books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the E-book tab. PSYCHOLOGY OF EMOTIONS, MOTIVATIONS AND ACTIONS ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR: CAUSES, CORRELATIONS AND TREATMENTS REBECCA M. CLARKE EDITOR Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York Copyright © 2011 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers‘ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Antisocial behavior : causes, correlations and treatments / editor, Rebecca M. Clarke. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-61324-750-1 (eBook) 1. Antisocial personality disorders. 2. Antisocial personality disorders--Treatment. I. Clarke, Rebecca M. RC555.A56 2010 616.85'82--dc22 2010043928 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 Burden of Syndromal Antisocial Behavior in Adulthood 1 Risë B. Goldstein, and Bridget F. Grant Chapter 2 Antisocial Behavior in Children with ADHD: Causes and Treatment 75 Efrosini Kalyva Chapter 3 Vicious Dog Ownership: Is it a Thin Slice of Antisocial Personality? 93 Laurie L. Ragatz, Allison M. Schenk and William J. Fremouw Chapter 4 Adolescent Substance Use Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Literature Review 105 Robert Eme Chapter 5 Perverted Justice: A Content Analysis of the Language Used by Offenders Detected Attempting to Solicit Children for Sex 119 Vincent Egan, James Hoskinson and David Shewan Chapter 6 Is Developmentally Informed Therapy for Persons with ID and Criminal Personality/Offenses Relevant? 135 Lino Faccini Chapter 7 Cocaine-Dependent Patients with Antisocial Personality Disorder, Cocaine-Dependence, and Treatment Outcomes 141 Nena Messina, David Farabee and Richard Rawson Chapter 8 Delinquency and Antisocial Behaviour among High Risk Young People in Adolescence 165 Patrick McCrystal and Kareena McAloney Index 189 PREFACE This new book presents topical research in the study of antisocial behavior. Topics discussed include preventive and therapeutic interventions targeting antisociality; antisocial behavior in children with ADHD; vicious dog ownership and antisocial personality; cocaine- dependent patients with antisocial personality disorder and delinquency and antisocial behavior among at risk adolescents. Chapter 1 - Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) affects 3% to 5% of adults in the general population of the United States and Canada. It is associated with substantial burden on affected individuals, their families, and society, both in its own right and because of its high comorbidity with medical illnesses and injuries as well as a broad range of other psychiatric disorders, notably including substance use disorders. Diagnostic criteria for ASPD under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM-III), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition - Revised (DSM- III-R), and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM- IV) require both conduct disorder (CD) with onset before age 15 years, and a persistent pattern of aggressive, irresponsible, impulsive, and remorseless behaviors thereafter. However, many individuals with syndromal antisocial behavior in adulthood do not report enough symptoms to meet criteria for CD before age 15 (adult antisocial behavioral syndrome, or AABS). AABS is not a codable DSM-IV diagnosis. Nevertheless, while individuals with AABS display fewer antisocial symptoms, and in particular fewer violent symptoms, in adulthood than those with ASPD, these 2 groups differ little on antisocial symptom profiles in adulthood, many forms of psychiatric and general medical comorbidity, and, among addiction treatment clients, substance use histories. This chapter reviews what is known about the comorbidity of antisocial behavioral syndromes in adulthood with other psychiatric disorders and general medical conditions, including similarities and differences between individuals with ASPD and those with AABS and the relationships of comorbid antisociality to the clinical presentation of co-occurring conditions. Gaps in current knowledge, including mechanisms underlying comorbidity and its associations with clinical presentation, implications for clinical care of comorbid individuals, and burdens on persons besides antisocial adults that are specifically attributable to antisocial syndromes, will be highlighted and directions for future research will be suggested. Implications for the development and prioritization of preventive and therapeutic interventions targeting antisociality across the lifespan will be discussed. Rebecca M. Clarke viii Chapter 2 - Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent disorder among school aged children and adolescents worldwide. Many children and adolescents with ADHD exhibit antisocial behavior that usually takes the form of aggression or conduct disorder. This chapter starts with definitions of ADHD and antisocial behaviors, while it reviews recent studies on the aetiology of this behavior. Since genes and physiology alone do not determine behavior, emphasis will be placed also on the role that the environment plays in creating and shaping certain antisocial behaviors. There will be reference to academic and social underachievement that may trigger antisocial behavior in children and young adults with ADHD, as well as other family factors. The last part of the chapter will focus on interventions that can effectively address the antisocial behavior of children and adolescents with ADHD and involve not only individuals, but also their families and their communities. Chapter 3 - The concept of ―thin slice‖ suggests that a person‘s personality can be predicted from just observing a fragment of his or her behavior. For instance, Fowler, Lilienfeld, and Patrick (2009) had 40 graduate and undergraduate students rate the degree to which individuals exhibited traits of psychopathy and other personality disorders in 5, 10, and 20 second video clips. Hare (2003) described psychopathy as having two key components: Factor 1 (e.g., superficial charm, callousness, remorselessness, grandiosity) and Factor 2 (e.g., parasitic lifestyle, lack of responsibility, impulsiveness, versatility in criminal acts). The construct of psychopathy has been found to be predictive of committing violent crimes upon release from prison (Porter, Birt, & Boer, 2001; Serin & Amos, 1995), committing disciplinary infractions in prison (Edens, Poythress, Lilienfeld, & Patrick, 2008), and a greater likelihood of recidivism (Hare, Clark, Grann, & Thornton, 2000). All the respondents for the Fowler et al. study used a Likert scale to provide ―thin slice‖ ratings on the individual in the video. The researchers demonstrated that the ―thin slice‖ ratings provided for the psychopathy items were significantly correlated with several measures of psychopathy (Psychopathy Checklist-Revised [PCL-R; Hare, 1991; 2003], Interpersonal Measure of Psychopathy [Kossen, Steuerwald, Forth, & Kirkhart, 1997]). Moreover, ―thin slice‖ psychopathy ratings were significantly correlated with scores on the PCL-R when raters watched a five second video, but not when raters watched a 10 or 20 second video. Also, ratings provided by individuals that viewed videos without audio were more highly correlated with PCL-R scores than were audio only clips or clips that included both audio and picture video. In addition to predictions of psychopathy, thin slice behavior has been found to be predictive of intelligence scale scores (Borkenam, Mauer, Riemann, Spinath, & Angleitner, 2004), personality test scores (Borkenam et al., 2004), job performance evaluation ratings (Hecht & LaFrance, 1995), and teacher evaluation ratings (Babad, Avni-Babad, & Rosenthal, 2004). Could a ―thin slice‖ of behavior, such as dog ownership, give us some clue about an individual‘s broader personality? Do certain individuals select to own dogs that are more likely to be aggressive? Chapter 4 - Substance use disorder (SUD) among adolescents is a widespread, devastating public health problem, and is associated with the leading causes of death among youth under 21 (Becker & Curry, 2008). In addition, it is a major factor in delinquency with most of the $244.1 million spent by the federal government for juvenile detention and corrections, and for delinquency prevention, mentoring, and reentry programs, being spent on substance-involved youth (Califano, 2009). Despite these consequences, only 10% of adolescents with SUD receive treatment and more than 50% of those who are treated drop out or terminate with unsatisfactory progress (Becker & Curry, 2008). For example, in the largest Preface ix psychosocial treatment study to date of adolescents with SUD, the Cannabis Youth Treatment Study (CYT), only 25% were in recovery at a 1-year follow up, defined as no substance use or dependence problems and living in the community (Dennis et al., 2004; Perepletichikova, Krystal, & Kaufman, 2008). This review will propose that these bleak outcomes may be due in no small measure to the failure to identify and properly treat one of the unique needs of adolescents with SUD - comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [Volkow, 2009]. As the review will document, an astonishing 50% of adolescents in treatment for SUD are co-morbid for ADHD and this co-morbidity is associated with an earlier onset of SUD, more severe and longer duration of SUD, more difficulty remaining in treatment, and a greater likelihood of relapse after treatment (Chan, Dennis, & Funk, 2008; Hawkins, 2009; Wilens, 2008a; Wilens et al., 2007a). Hence it is critically important that practitioners understand the relationship between SUD and ADHD in adolescents since co- occuring disorders present serious challenges to traditional mental health and substance abuse treatments systems for adolescents (Hawkins, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to provide such an understanding with implications for treatment. It will do so by first establishing the prevalence of ADHD among adolescents in treatment for SUD. Second, it will discuss the mechanisms whereby ADHD increases the risk for SUD. Third, it will provide treatment recommendations that are informed by the prior discussion. Lastly, it should be noted that given the vastness of the literature on SUD and ADHD and given that the goal of the review is to be broadly synthetic, the paper will draw on findings of authoritative critical reviews as well as individual studies. Also, since substantial data indicate that substance abuse and substance dependence are best conceptualized as reflecting differences in substance-problem severity on a unidimensional continuum rather than distinct categories, SUD will be the nosological rubric employed to designate this conception (Martin, Chung, & Langenbucher, 2008). Chapter 5 - This study explored the language used by offenders soliciting sexual activities with children within Internet chat-rooms. Relational content analysis classified the linguistic content by which offenders sought to engage young persons. Eight recurrent themes encompassed the cognitions of an on-line sexual offender: ‗implicit/explicit content‘, ‗on-line solicitation‘, ‗fixated discourse‘, ‗use of colloquialisms‘, ‗conscience‘, ‗acknowledgement of illegal/immoral behaviour‘, ‗minimising risk of detection‘, and ‗preparing to meet offline‘. The language indicated increased risk-taking behaviours of the offender, which countered the anonymity chat-rooms otherwise provide. Minimising risk of detection seemed unimportant and offenders arranged off-line meetings with little caution. Electronic anonymity may give offenders false confidence, and so encourage persons to extend on-line and virtual risk-taking into to the real world. Chapter 6 - Initially, the ―Reconstructive Therapy‖ of Dr. Jerome Schulte, focused on the treatment of the homicidal psychotic patient. After decades of treatment applying this model with a variety of offenses, Dr. Schulte believed that it could be applied to understand and treat the ―Criminal Personality‖, various offenses as well as treating non-clinical populations of children, adolescents and adults. The goal of therapy became one of promoting personal growth and humanness through the positive resolution of Ericksonian stages. The question remains if the successful resolution of Erickson‘s Psychosocial stages is relevant to the functioning of a Person with an Intellectual Disability, and Criminal Offenses? A theoretical and initial exploratory analysis suggests that the Reconstructive Therapy model can be relevant to the treatment for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities (ID) and various offenses.

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