Antimicrobial Resistance and Implications for the Twenty-First Century PDF
Preview Antimicrobial Resistance and Implications for the Twenty-First Century
Antimicrobial Resistance and Implications for the Twenty-First Century Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century SeriesEditor:I. W.Fong ProfessorofMedicine,UniversityofToronto InfectiousDiseases,St.Michael’sHospital Recentvolumesinthisseries: MALARIA:GENETICANDEVOLUTIONARYASPECTS EditedbyKrishnaR.DronamrajuandPaoloArese INFECTIONSANDTHECARDIOVASCULARSYSTEM:NewPerspectives EditedbyI.W.Fong REEMERGENCEOFESTABLISHEDPATHOGENSINTHE21ST CENTURY EditedbyI.W.FongandKarlDrlica BIOTERRORISMANDINFECTIOUSAGENTS:ANewDilemmaforthe21stCentury EditedbyI.W.FongandKenAlibek MOLECULARPARADIGMSOFINFECTIOUSDISEASE:ABacterialPerspective EditedbyCherylA.NickersonandMichaelJ.Schurr NEWANDEVOLVINGINFECTIONSOFTHE21STCENTURY EditedbyI.W.FongandKenAlibek ANTIMICROBIALRESISTANCEANDIMPLICATIONSFORTHE21STCENTURY EditedbyI.W.FongandKarlDrlica AContinuationOrderplanisavailableforthisseries.Acontinuationorderwillbringdeliveryofeachnewvolume immediatelyuponpublication.Volumesarebilledonlyuponactualshipment.Forfurtherinformationpleasecontactthe publisher. · I. W. Fong Karl Drlica Editors Antimicrobial Resistance and Implications for the Twenty-First Century I.W.Fong KarlDrlica Director,InfectiousDisease InternationalCenterforPublicHealth St.Michael’sHospital 225WarrenStreet 30BondSt.,Suite4179 Newark,NJ07103-3535 CardinalCarterWing USA Toronto,OntarioM5B1W8 [email protected] Canada [email protected] ISBN:978-0-387-72417-1 e-ISBN:978-0-387-72418-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007930198 (cid:2)c 2008SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA),except forbrief excerpts inconnection with reviews orscholarly analysis. Usein connectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware, orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarksandsimilarterms,eveniftheyare notidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubject toproprietaryrights. Printedonacid-freepaper. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Preface Formanyyearsafterthe discoveryof antibiotics,microbialresistance was largely ignored.Now,however,theprevalenceofantibiotic-resistantmicroorganisms,both inthe communityandinhospitals,hasreacheda levelthatimpactstreatmenteffi- cacy.New,morepotentagentshavebeenintroduced,butresistantmicrobescontinue tobeselectivelyenriched.Unfortunately,theproblemofdrug-resistantmicroorgan- ismsextendsbeyondbacteria:it isalso ofmajorconcernwith themanagementof viral diseases, such as that caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and with parasiticdiseasessuchasmalaria.Meanwhile,itisbecomingincreasinglydifficult to identify new compound classes and more active derivatives of existing agents, especially since many pharmaceutical companies have abandoned efforts to find anddevelopnewantimicrobials. Antimicrobial Resistance and Implications for the Twenty-First Century serves as a status report on resistance. This set of comprehensive,up-to-date reviews by international experts covers problems being observed among a variety of bacte- ria (Streptococcuspneumoniae,enteroccoci,staphylococci,Gram-negativebacilli, mycobacteria species), viruses (HIV, herpesviruses), and fungi (Candida species, fusarium,etc.).Thechaptersexploremolecularmechanismsofdrugresistance,epi- demiology of resistant strains, clinical implications, and future directions, includ- ingstrategiesforrestrictingtheacquisitionofresistance.Theworkisintendedfor experts and students in the fields of infectious disease, microbiology, and public health.Whileourgoalistostimulatebasicresearchonresistance,theworkshould also help international bodies, such as the World Health Organization, formulate effectiveplanstocombattheacquisitionanddisseminationofresistantstrains.We hopethatthedocumentationprovidedinAntimicrobialResistanceandImplications fortheTwenty-FirstCenturycanbeusedbypublichealthandmedicalcommunities to exert the political pressure needed to limit the indiscriminate use of antimicro- bialsandtoprovidetheincentivesneededtofindnewantimicrobialsandtreatment strategies. v Contents Contributors .................................................. ix 1 MechanismsofResistancebyGram-PositiveBacteria(Streptococci andEnterococci) ............................................ 1 JavierAspaMarco,OlgaRajasNaranjo,FelipeRodriguezdeCastro, BuenaventuraBuendía,andJesúsSanzSanz 2 EmergenceofMRSAintheCommunity ........................ 47 AdamL.Cohen,RachelGorwitz,andDanielB.Jernigan 3 AntimicrobialResistancetoSexuallyTransmittedInfections ....... 77 HillardWeinstock,DavidTrees,andJohnPapp 4 ResistanceofGram-NegativeBacillitoAntimicrobials ............ 97 PatriciaA.BradfordandCharlesR.Dean 5 MycobacterialAntimicrobialResistance ........................ 161 PeterD.O.DaviesandRichardCooke 6 AntimicrobialResistanceofAnaerobicBacteria.................. 207 EllieJ.C.Goldstein,DianeM.Citron,andDavidW.Hecht 7 Clinical Significance and Biological Basis of HIV Drug Resistance ................................................. 231 JorgeL.Martinez-Cajas,MarcoPetrella,andMarkA.Wainberg 8 ResistanceofHerpesvirusestoAntiviralAgents.................. 263 G.BoivinandW.L.Drew 9 HepatitisVirusResistance .................................... 291 Jean-MichelPawlotsky 10 ResistancetoAntifungalAgents ............................... 325 BethA.Arthington-SkaggsandJohnH.Rex vii viii Contents 11 AnAnti-mutantApproachforAntimicrobialUse................. 371 KarlDrlica,J.-Y. Wang, MuhammadMalik, Tao Lu, StevenPark, XinyingLi,DavidS.Perlin,andXilinZhao Index......................................................... 401 Contributors BethA.Arthington-Skaggs CentersforDiseaseControl MycoticDiseasesBranch andPrevention CentersforDiseaseControl Atlanta,GA andPrevention USA Atlanta,GA RichardCooke USA HealthProtectionAgencyLaboratory UniversityHospitalAintree G.Boivin Aintree ResearchCenterinInfectiousDiseases UK oftheCentreHospitalier UniversitairedeQuébecand PeterD.O.Davies DepartmentofMedicalBiology TuberculosisResearchUnit UniversitéLaval,Québec CardiothoracicCentre Canada Liverpool UK PatriciaA.Bradford WyethResearch,PearlRiver,NY CharlesR.Dean USA Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchInc. BuenaventuraBuendía Cambridge,MA ServiciodeMicrobiología USA HospitalUniversitariodelaPrincesa FelipeRodriguezdeCastro Madrid ServiciodeNeumología Spain HospitalDr.Negrín,Universidaddelas PalmasdeGranCanaria DianeM.Citron LasPalmasdeGranCanaria DavidGeffenSchoolofMedicine Spain atUCLA LosAngeles,CA W.L.Drew USA DepartmentsofLaboratoryMedicine andMedicine AdamL.Cohen UniversityofCalifornia DivisionofHealthcare SanFrancisco,CA QualityPromotion USA ix x Contributors KarlDrlica JavierAspaMarco PublicHealthResearchInstitute ServiciodeNeumología Newark,NJ HospitalUniversitariodelaPrincesa USA UniversidadAutónomadeMadrid Madrid EllieJ.C.Goldstein Spain RMAldenResearchLaboratory SantaMonica,CA JorgeL.Martinez-Cajas USA McGillUniversityAIDSCentre Lady Davis Institute for Medical RachelGorwitz Research DivisionofHealthcare JewishGeneralHospital QualityPromotion Montreal,Quebec CentersforDiseaseControl Canada andPrevention OlgaRajasNaranjo Atlanta,GA ServiciodeNeumología USA HospitalUniversitariodelaPrincesa DavidW.Hecht UniversidadAutónomadeMadrid LoyolaUniversityMedical Madrid CenterMaywood Spain ILandHinesVAHospital JohnPapp Hines,IL LaboratoryResearchBranch, USA DivisionofSTDPrevention CentersforDiseaseControl DanielB.Jernigan andPrevention DivisionofHealthcare Atlanta,GA QualityPromotion USA CentersforDiseaseControl andPrevention StevenPark Atlanta,GA PublicHealthResearchInstitute USA Newark,NJ USA XinyingLi PublicHealthResearchInstitute Jean-MichelPawlotsky Newark,NJ FrenchNationalReferenceCenter USA forViralHepatitisB,Canddelta DepartmentofVirology TaoLu INSERMU841,HenriMondorHospital PublicHealthResearchInstitute UniversityofParisXII Newark,NJ Créteil USA France MuhammadMalik DavidS.Perlin PublicHealthResearchInstitute PublicHealthResearchInstitute Newark,NJ Newark,NJ USA USA Contributors xi MarcoPetrella CentersforDiseaseControl McGillUniversityAIDSCentre andPrevention LadyDavisInstitute Atlanta,GA forMedicalResearch USA JewishGeneralHospital Montreal,Quebec MarkA.Wainberg Canada McGillUniversityAIDSCentre LadyDavisInstitute forMedicalResearch JohnH.Rex JewishGeneralHospital AstraZenecaPharmaceuticals Montreal,Quebec Macclesfield Canada UK J.-Y.Wang JesúsSanzSanz PublicHealthResearchInstitute ServiciodeMedicina Newark,NJ Interna-Enfermedades USA Infecciosas HospitalUniversitariodelaPrincesa HillardWeinstock Madrid EpidemiologyandSurveillanceBranch, Spain DivisionofSTDPrevention CentersforDiseaseControl DavidTrees andPrevention LaboratoryResearchBranch Atlanta,GA DivisionofSTDPrevention USA
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