Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics in Theory and Clinical Practice, 1st Edition (Infectious Disease and Therapy)

427 Pages·2002·3.81 MB·English

by  Charles H. Nightingale

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Preface
To use antibiotics appropriately, the clinician needs to understand fundamental
pharmacodynamicconcepts.Theseconceptsareessential,fortheyformthevery
basis for therapeutic strategies that maximize clinical benefit while minimizing
toxicitytothepatient.Theobjectivesofthisbookare,first,toreviewtheconstel-
lationofscientificandmedicalliteratureconcerningantibioticsandpharmacody-
namics. The relevance of this complex information is then synthesized into an
easy-to-understanddiscussionofconceptandtheory.Finally,thereaderisshown
howtoapplythesetheoriesandconcepts,withspecificexamples,totheclinical
practice of medicine and pharmacy. In other words, this book takes the reader
from the test tube, through the animal and human volunteer laboratory, to the
patient’s bedside.
The book includes a thorough discussion of the pharmacodynamics of all
major classes of the antimicrobial armamentarium. These include penicillins,
cephalosporins, cephamycins, carbapenems, monobactams, aminoglycosides,
quinolones, macrolides, antifungals, antivirals and others. Additionally, a phar-
macodynamic discussion of new classes of antimicrobial agents that are upon
the horizon, such as the ketolide antibiotics, is included.
This book is unique in that no other text of its kind currently exists. The
informationthatthisbookprovidesintegratesmedicalmicrobiology,clinicalin-
fectiousdiseases,andpharmacokinetics.Thisbookpullstogetherinonetextthe
essentialelementsofthesedisciplinesand doessoin averyunderstandableand
practical manner.
Theinfectiousdiseasephysiciansandpharmacistsweselectedascontribu-
tors are eminently qualified and are recognized experts in their field. Moreover,
theseauthorswerechosenonthebasisoftheirabilitytoconveytheirperspective
iii
iv Preface
andexpertiselucidly,whichmakesthemidealteachers.Theyallagreedthatthere
was a need for such a book and were excited about joining in this venture.
This book will find an audience in a large array of healthcare disciplines,
including college educators, medical, pharmacy, and microbiology students, in-
fectiousdiseasephysiciansandpharmacyspecialists,medicalhousestaff,clinical
and staff pharmacists, clinical microbiologists, and other healthcare decision
makers.
Charles H. Nightingale
Takeo Murakawa
Paul G. Ambrose
Contents
Preface iii
Contributors vii
1. Pharmacodynamics of Antimicrobials: General Concepts and
Applications 1
William A. Craig
2. Microbiology and Pharmacokinetics 23
Charles H. Nightingale and Takeo Murakawa
3. In Vitro Antibiotic Pharmacodynamic Models 41
Michael J. Rybak, George P. Allen, and Ellie Hershberger
4. Animal Models of Infection for the Study of Antibiotic
Pharmacodynamics 67
Michael N. Dudley and David Griffith
5. β-Lactam Pharmacodynamics 99
JoCarol J. McNabb and Khanh Q. Bui
6. Aminoglycoside Pharmacodynamics 125
Myo-Kyoung Kim and David P. Nicolau
7. Pharmacodynamics of Quinolones 155
Robert C. Owens, Jr. and Paul G. Ambrose
v
vi Preface
8. Glycopeptide Pharmacodynamics 177
Gigi H. Ross, David H. Wright, John C. Rotschafer, and
Khalid H. Ibrahim
9. Macrolide, Azalide, and Ketolide Pharmacodynamics 205
Charles H. Nightingale and Holly M. Mattoes
10. Metronidazole, Clindamycin, and Streptogramin
Pharmacodynamics 221
Kenneth Lamp, Melinda K. Lacy, and Collin Freeman
11. Tetracycline Pharmacodynamics 247
Burke A. Cunha and Holly M. Mattoes
12. Pharmacodynamics of Antivirals 259
George L. Drusano, Sandra L. Preston, and Peter J. Piliero
13. Antifungal Pharmacodynamics 285
Michael E. Klepser and Russell E. Lewis
14. Human Pharmacodynamics of Anti-Infectives: Determination
from Clinical Trial Data 303
George L. Drusano
15. Antibacterial Resistance 327
Philip D. Lister
16. Basic Pharmacoeconomics 367
Mark A. Richerson and Eugene Moore
17. Utilizing Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacoeconomics in
Clinical and Formulary Decision Making 385
Paul G. Ambrose, Annette Zoe-Powers, Rene´ Russo,
David T. Jones, and Robert C. Owens, Jr.
Index 409
Contributors
George P. Allen, Pharm.D. Postdoctoral Fellow, Pharmacy Practice, Wayne
State University, and Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center
Detroit, Michigan
PaulG.Ambrose,Pharm.D. Director,InfectiousDiseaseResearch,Cognigen
Corporation, Buffalo, New York
Khanh Q. Bui, Pharm.D. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Chicago, Illinois
WilliamA.Craig,M.D. ProfessorofMedicineandTherapeutics,Department
ofInfectiousDiseases,UniversityofWisconsin,and WilliamS.MiddletonMe-
morial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
Burke A. Cunha, M.D. Chief, Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-
University Hospital, Mineola, and Professor of Medicine, State University of
New York School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
GeorgeL.Drusano,M.D. Professor,DepartmentofMedicineandPharmacol-
ogy, Clinical Research Institute, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
vii
viii Contributors
Michael N. Dudley, Pharm.D. Vice President, Department of Pharmacology
and Microbiology, Microcide Pharmaceuticals,Inc., Mountain View, California
CollinFreeman,Pharm.D. ClinicalScienceSpecialist,DepartmentofScien-
tific Affairs, Bayer Corporation, West Haven, Connecticut
DavidGriffith,B.S. ResearchScientist,DepartmentofPharmacology,Micro-
cide Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Mountain View, California
Ellie Hershberger, Pharm.D. Director, Infectious Disease Laboratory, Re-
search Institute, William Beaumont Research Institute, Royal Oak, Michigan
Khalid H. Ibrahim, Pharm.D. Infectious Diseases Research Fellow, Depart-
mentofExperimentalandClinicalPharmacology,UniversityofMinnesota,Min-
neapolis, Minnesota
DavidT.Jones,Pharm.D.,M.D. DepartmentofCardiologyandInternalMed-
icine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
Myo-KyoungKim,Pharm.D. InfectiousDiseaseFellow,DepartmentofPhar-
macy Research, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
Michael E. Klepser, Pharm.D. Associate Professor, College of Pharmacy,
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
Melinda K. Lacy, Pharm.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy
Practice,SchoolofPharmacy,UniversityofKansasMedicalCenter,KansasCity,
Kansas
Kenneth Lamp, Pharm.D. Medical Science Manager, Department of United
States Medicines, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Plainsboro, New Jersey
Russell E. Lewis, Pharm.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Sci-
encesandAdministration,UniversityofHoustonCollegeofPharmacy,Houston,
Texas
PhilipD.Lister,Ph.D. AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofMedicalMicrobiol-
ogy and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Ne-
braska
HollyM.Mattoes,Pharm.D. ScientificCommunicationsManager,DesignWrite
Incorporated,Princeton,NewJersey
Contributors ix
JoCarol J. McNabb, Pharm.D. Assistant Professor, College of Pharmacy,
University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
Eugene Moore, Pharm.D. Coordinator, Army Ambulatory Care Pharmacist
Program,DepartmentofDefensePharmacoeconomicCenter,FortSamHouston,
Texas
TakeoMurakawa,Ph.D. Supervisor,InternationalDevelopmentandRegula-
tory Affairs, Development Division, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd.,
Osaka,andLecturer(Part),GraduateSchoolofPharmaceuticalSciences,Kyoto
University,Kyoto,andGraduateSchoolofPharmaceuticalSciences,Tokushima
University, Tokushima, Japan
David P. Nicolau, Pharm.D. Division of Infectious Disease Pharmacy Re-
search, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
Charles H. Nightingale, Ph.D. Vice-President for Research and Director of
the Institute for International Healthcare Studies, Hartford Hospital, Hartford,
Connecticut
Robert C. Owens, Jr., Pharm.D. Clinical Specialist, Infectious Diseases,
Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, and University of Vermont College of
Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
Peter J. Piliero, M.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Albany
Medical College, Albany, New York
Sandra L. Preston, Pharm.D. Assistant Professor of Medicine, Clinical Re-
search Initiative, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
Mark A. Richerson, Pharm.D., M.S. Commander, Medical Service Corps,
UnitedStatesNavy,andDepartmentofDefensePharmacoeconomicCenter,Fort
Sam Houston, Texas
Gigi H. Ross, Pharm.D. Infectious Diseases Scientific Liaison, Clinical Af-
fairs, Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, Raritan, New Jersey
John C. Rotschafer, Pharm.D., F.C.C.P. Professor, Department of Experi-
mental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minne-
sota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Rene´ Russo, Pharm.D. Postdoctoral Fellow, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers
University, Piscataway, New Jersey