Antennas and Propagation for 5G and Beyond (Telecommunications)

410 Pages·2020·34.503 MB·English

by  Qammer H. Abbasi (editor), Syeda Fizzah Jilani (editor), Akram Alomainy (editor), Muhammad Ali Imran (editor)

IETTELECOMMUNICATIONS SERIES 93
Antennas and propagation
for 5G and beyond
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Antennas and propagation
for 5G and beyond
Edited by
Qammer H. Abbasi, Syeda F. Jilani,
Akram Alomainy and Muhammed A. Imran
The Institution of Engineering andTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland&
Wales(no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698).
†TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2020
Firstpublished2020
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Contents
Abouttheeditors xiii
1 Introductionto antennasandpropagation for 5G andbeyond 1
QammerH.Abbasi,Syeda F. Jilani, AkramAlomainy and
MuhammadA. Imran
1.1 Scope of the 5Gnetworks 3
1.2 Standardisation and spectrum allocationfor 5G 4
1.3 Millimetre-wave networks: limitations and mitigation 5
1.4 Antennas and propagation for 5Gand beyond 7
1.5 Conclusion 8
References 9
2 Antennasfor 5G: state-of-the-art andopenchallenges 13
SajidM.Asif, Adnan Iftikhar, MuhammadS.Khan,
MuhammadUsman,Raed A. Abd-Alhameed andRichard J. Langley
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Key features of 5Gantennas 15
2.3 Massive MIMOantenna technology 18
2.3.1 Antenna array topology 19
2.3.2 Single user (SU)-MIMOand multiple user (MU)-MIMO 20
2.3.3 Beamformingantennas in 5Gmassive MIMO 21
2.3.4 5GMIMOantenna for mobile devices 23
2.4 State-of-the-art phased arrays 24
2.5 5Gantenna challenges 27
2.5.1 Active and passive antenna systems 27
2.5.2 Antenna characterization and measurements 28
2.5.3 Challenges with massive MIMOantenna systems 29
2.6 Conclusion 30
References 30
3 Metamaterial antennasfor 5G andbeyond 35
MuhammadS.Rabbani,James Churmand Alexandros Feresidis
3.1 Channels and antenna requirements for5Gand beyond 35
3.1.1 Channel measurements and capacity estimation 36
3.1.2 Antenna designconsiderations 39
viii Antennas and propagation for 5Gand beyond
3.1.3 Reported antenna designsfor5Gcellular systems 41
3.2 Metamaterial surfaces (metasurfaces) 42
3.3 Tunability in metamaterial systems 44
3.3.1 Alternative tuning technologies 44
3.4 Leaky-wave antenna and stacked metasurfaces 47
3.4.1 Tuneable HIS-based LWA design 49
3.4.2 Frequency scanning LWA antenna 54
3.5 Millimetre-wave metasurface fabrication 55
3.5.1 Microfabrication for metamaterials 56
3.5.2 Other fabrication 57
3.6 Beyond 5G 57
References 59
4 3D-printed millimetre-wave antennaswithspray-coated metalization 67
Shaker Alkaraki, James Kelly andYue Gao
4.1 Metallic corrugatedplate antenna fed using rectangular waveguide 67
4.1.1 Introduction 67
4.1.2 Novel corrugated plate antenna operating at 28.5 GHz 68
4.1.3 Radiation mechanism and operation principles 69
4.1.4 Measured results at 28.5 GHz 72
4.2 Metallizationtechniques for 3D-printed antennas 76
4.2.1 Introduction 76
4.2.2 Performance of metallization techniques at 30GHz 78
4.2.3 3Dprinter 78
4.2.4 Metallizationtechniques 80
4.2.5 Metallizationprocedure 82
4.2.6 Operating principles 83
4.2.7 Measured results at 30 GHz 85
4.2.8 Discussionand analysis 85
4.3 Compact 3D-printed antenna 88
4.3.1 Operating principles 89
4.3.2 Fabrication tolerances and antenna performance 91
References 97
5 Multibandmillimetre-wave antennasfor 5G andbeyond 101
MasoodUrRehman and QammerH.Abbasi
5.1 Fundamentals of multiband antennas 102
5.1.1 Multiband techniques 102
5.2 Multiband antennasfor millimetre-wave 5Gand
beyond networks 104
5.3 Design of multiband millimetre-wave antenna for 5Gand
beyond: a case study 106
5.3.1 Conceptand topology 106
5.3.2 Parametric study 108
Contents ix
5.3.3 Antenna performance analysis 110
5.3.4 Comparative analysis 117
5.4 Summary 119
References 119
6 On-chipantenna:challenges anddesignconsiderations 123
Atif Shamimand HaoranZhang
6.1 Introduction 123
6.2 On-chip antenna challenges 125
6.2.1 Incompatible CMOSstack-up 125
6.2.2 Co-design of circuitsand on-chipantenna 128
6.2.3 On-chip antenna layout issue 131
6.2.4 On-chip antenna characterization 132
6.3 On-chip antenna overview 135
6.3.1 Gain and radiation efficiency enhancement 135
6.3.2 Co-simulation of OCAsand circuits 141
6.3.3 Advance on-chip antenna characterization methods 143
6.4 Emerging trends 145
6.4.1 Drive toward higher frequencies reachingterahertz bands 146
6.4.2 OCAbecominga key for biomedical wirelessimplants 147
6.4.3 Advanced simulation platforms for codesign of OCAsand
circuits 148
6.4.4 Specialized CMOSprocess for OCA 148
References 149
7 Reflectarrayantennas:potentials for 5G andbeyond 157
MuhammadI. Abbasi, MuhammadH.Dahri,Mohd H.Jamaluddin,
MuhammadR. Kamarudin and Fauziahanim C. Seman
7.1 Reflectarrays for 5G 159
7.2 Reflectarray bandwidth enhancement 159
7.3 High-gain reflectarray designtechniques 163
7.4 Techniques for high-efficiency reflectarrays 165
7.5 Polarisation diversity in reflectarray 169
7.6 Adaptive beam steering in reflectarrays 171
7.7 Design of a mm-wave reflectarray antenna for
5Gcommunication systems 173
7.7.1 Design and fabrication of unit cells 173
7.7.2 Scattering parameter measurements and analysis 175
7.7.3 Periodic reflectarray design 177
7.7.4 Reflectarray fabricationand
radiation-pattern measurements 180
7.7.5 Beam-steering reflectarray 183
References 189