Anomalous Effects in Simple Metals

701 Pages·2010·8.659 MB·English

by  Prof. Albert Overhauser(auth.)

AlbertOverhauser
AnomalousEffectsinSimpleMetals
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Albert Overhauser
Anomalous Effects in Simple Metals
WILEY-VCH VerlagGmbH &Co.KGaA
TheAuthor AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHarecarefully
produced.Nevertheless,authors,editors,and
Prof.AlbertOverhauser publisherdonotwarranttheinformation
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PurdueUniversity befreeoferrors.Readersareadvisedtokeepin
525,NorthwesternAvenue mindthatstatements,data,illustrations,
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ISBN 978-3-527-40859-7
V
Foreword
CommentsbyM.S.DresselhausandG.Dresselhaus
Thisvolumeonthephysicsofsimplemetalsfeaturesacollectionofarticlesconsti-
tutingtheseminalcontributionsthatAlbertWarnerOverhausermadetothisfield
with a view toward its future as derived from his own research. He was attract-
edtosimplemetalslikepotassiumatanearlytime(1951)becausesimplemetals
allowedhimtostudytheeffectofinteractingelectronswhichareresponsiblefor
themanyinterestingandfundamentalphenomenaexhibitedbythesesimplemet-
als. This research area is now called “emergent phenomena” which address the
questionof“howdocomplexphenomenaemergefromsimpleingredients”.This
topicremainsattheforefrontofcondensedmatterphysics,ascitedinthepresent
decadalstudybytheUSNationalResearchCouncilCondensedMatterandMateri-
alsPhysics2010Committeeentitled“TheScienceoftheWorldAroundUs”.
Over hisactivecareer ofabout 55years, AlOverhauser haswrittenextensively
(about65paperspublishedinprestigiousjournals)onthesubjectoftheproperties
oftheelectronicstructureofthesimplestmetals,namelypotassiumandotheralka-
limetals.Thisisasubjectthatisusuallycoveredratherbrieflyineveryelementary
condensedmatterphysicscourseforbothundergraduatesandgraduatestudents
becauseitissofundamental.Overhauserhasclearlydemonstratedwhythesema-
terialshavesuchafundamentalimportanceforourunderstandingofcondensed
matter systems. Furthermore Overhauser’s research papers have become impor-
tant for advancing our understanding of the “many body” aspect of all metallic
systemswhichsostronglydependontheinteractionsbetweenelectronsandwith
theirassociatedspins.Thisbookonanapparentlysimpletopicclearlypointsout
the basic interactions which are necessary to understand this important area of
physics.
Now, let us say a few words about Albert Warner Overhauser’s physics career.
HewasnominallythefirstPh.D.studentofCharlesKittelattheUniversityofCal-
ifornia (U.C.) Berkeley, who in the early 1950’s became a tenured full professor
facultyacquisitionatU.C.Berkeley.KittelhadvisitedU.C.BerkeleyfromBellLabs
in1950,theyearbeforeKittel’spermanentappointmenttoU.C.Berkeley.Shortly
beforeKittelreturnedtoBellLabsfromhisvisitingappointmentatU.C.Berkekry,
AnomalousEffectsinSimpleMetals.AlbertOverhauser
Copyright©2011WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:978-3-527-40859-7
VI Foreword
KittelmetAlOverhauserwhowaslookingforathesistopic.Kittelthensuggested
theresearch which in later years led to the discovery of the “Overhauser Effect”.
SoonafterthisencounterbetweenKittelandOverhauser,KittelleftBerkeleytore-
turn to Bell Labs. During Kittel’s absence, Al Overhauser worked independently
on this research project and quickly reached the point of writing a classic paper
onthesubject whichwassoonpublished inthePhysicalReview.[“Paramagnetic
relaxation in metals”, Phys. Rev. 89, 689 (1953)]. When Kittel returned to Berke-
leyafter windinguphisaffairsat BellLabs, hestarted lookingintotheStatus of
his new U.C. Berkeley research group. He then noticed that Overhauser had no
stipendfortheFallterm.WhenKitteldiscussedthisissuewithOverhauser,Alin-
formed Kittel that he didn’t need support as a graduate student because he had
alreadyfinishedhisthesis.Overhauser then informedKittel that nowheneeded
ajobinstead.At that point Kittelcontacted hisfriendProfessor Fred Seitzat the
Universityof Illinoiswho arranged for a post-doc positionfor Overhauser at the
UniversityofIllinois,whichwasthentheMeccaofCondensedMatterPhysics.
Because ofhisabsence fromtheBerkeleycampus,Kitteldidn’treallyfullyun-
derstandtheworkofhisstudent,butsinceOverhauserwasknownatBerkeleyto
beabrilliantstudent,Kittelthoughtthethesisworkwasimportant.SowhenGene
Dresselhaus joined the Kittel research group in the fall on 1953, Gene’s first as-
signmentwastocheckoverOverhauser’sthesis.ReadingOverhauser’sthesiswas
educationalfirstly,in becomingcalibrated on the great creative workexpected of
anewentranttothefieldoftheoreticalcondensedmatter physicswhenworking
with Professor Charles Kittel. Secondly, looking for mistakes in Al Overhauser’s
publishedworkwasnotagooduseofresearchtime.
AfterOverhauser’spostdocatIllinois,wherehediscoveredthefundamentalim-
portanceof theOverhauser effect,Alaccepted aCornellprofessorshipat Cornell
University.ThetransitionfromapostdoctoaCornellfacultypositionwasunusual
evenatthattime.ItwasatCornellthatGeneDresselhaus,startingin1956,gotwell
acquaintedwiththeOverhauserresearchprogramandfamily.Laterin1958,when
MillieDresselhausarrivedatCornell,shejoinedthegroupofOverhauserfriends
andadmirers.Thisgroupwasveryhappytogetherforonlyashorttime.Thegroup
wassoonbrokenupwhenOverhauserleftforFordResearchLaboratoriesin1958.
It was while Overhauser was at Ford that he started his long time creative work
onChargeDensityWavesandSpinDensitywavesinpotassiumandothersimple
systems.
WithoutAl’spresenceatCornell,theCornelljoblostitsattractionfortheDres-
selhausduoandtheyshortlyleftin1960toestablishtheirowncareersatMIT.
GeneDresselhaus
MillieDresselhaus
VII
Contents
Foreword V
PartI IntroductionandOverview 1
1 TheSimplestMetal:Potassium 3
2 SDWandCDWInstabilities 5
3 TheCDWWavevectorQandQ-domains 7
4 OpticalAnomalies 8
5 PhaseExcitationsofanIncommensurateCDW 10
6 NeutronDiffractionSatellites 12
7 PhasonPhenomena 14
8 Fermi-SurfaceDistortionandtheSpin-ResonanceSplitting 16
9 MagnetoresistivityandtheInducedTorqueTechnique 18
10 InducedTorqueAnisotropy 20
11 MicrowaveTransmissionThroughKSlabsinaPerpendicularFieldH 22
12 Angle-ResolvedPhotoemission 24
13 ConcludingRemarks 26
PartII ReprintsofSDWorCDWPhenomenainSimpleMetals 29
R1 GiantSpinDensityWaves 33
R2 MechanismofAntiferromagnetisminDiluteAlloys 38
2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 DynamicsofaSpin-DensityWave 41
2.3 ThermodynamicsoftheAntiferromagneticPhase 45
2.4 ConcludingRemarks 47
A Appendix 48
A.1 Objection1 48
A.2 ReplytoObjection1 48
AnomalousEffectsinSimpleMetals.AlbertOverhauser
Copyright©2011WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:978-3-527-40859-7
VIII Contents
A.3 Objection2 49
A.4 ReplytoObjection2 49
A.5 Objection3 49
A.6 ReplytoObjection3 49
A.7 Objection4 50
A.8 ReplytoObjection4 50
R3 SpinDensityWavesinanElectronGas 51
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 NatureofaSpinDensityWave 53
3.3 GeneralProofoftheSDWInstability 56
3.4 LinearSpinDensityWaves 60
3.5 SpinSusceptibilityoftheParamagneticState 62
3.6 DetectionofSDW’sbyNeutronDiffraction 65
3.7 TemperatureDependenceofSDWParameters 67
3.8 AntiferromagnetismofChromium 69
3.9 AccidentalFerrimagnetism 73
R4 Spin-Density-WaveAntiferromagnetisminPotassium 76
R5 HeliconPropagationinMetalsNeartheCyclotronEdge 80
5.1 Introduction 80
5.2 TheSurfaceImpedance 82
5.3 HeliconPropagationinaSpin-DensityWaveMetal 87
R6 ExchangeandCorrelationInstabilitiesofSimpleMetals 91
6.1 Introduction 91
6.2 Matrix-ElementContributionstotheCorrelationEnergy 95
6.3 Parallel-SpinCorrelationandUmklappCorrelation 98
6.4 Charge-Density-WaveInstabilities 100
A Appendix 102
R7 SplittingofConduction-ElectronSpinResonanceinPotassium 105
7.1 Introduction 105
7.2 Anisotropyofg 107
7.3 Stress-InducedQDomains 110
R8 MagnetoresistanceofPotassium 113
8.1 Introduction 113
8.2 Single-CrystalMagnetoresistivityofPotassium 115
8.3 ModelCalculationsofMagnetoresistanceinMetalswithMagneticBreakdown 115
8.4 FermiSurfaceofPotassium 116
8.5 Conclusions 119
R9 ExchangePotentialsinaNonuniformElectronGas 121
R10 ObservabilityofCharge-DensityWavesbyNeutronDiffraction 125
10.1 Introduction 125
10.2 CDWSatellites 126
Contents IX
10.3 StructureFactorsofCubicReflections 127
10.4 MagneticFieldModulationofF(KE) 128
10.5 PhaseModulationofCDW 129
10.6 Debye–WallerFactorsforPhasons 132
10.7 SurveyofElectronicAnomalies 134
10.7.1 OpticalAnomalies 134
10.7.2 Conduction-ElectronSpinResonances 134
10.7.3 Doppler-ShiftedCyclotronResonance 135
10.7.4 Magnetoresistance 135
10.7.5 HallEffect 136
10.7.6 DeHaas–vanAlphenEffect 136
10.7.7 Electron–PhononInteraction 137
10.7.8 PositronAnnihilation 137
10.7.9 OtherProperties 137
10.8 Conclusion 138
R11 QuestionsAbouttheMayer–ElNabyOpticalAnomalyinPotassium 141
11.1 Introduction 141
11.2 ExtrinsicMechanisms 142
11.2.1 AbsorptioninKOH 142
11.2.2 Interference 142
11.2.3 SurfaceRoughness 143
11.2.4 PlasmonAbsorption 143
11.2.5 ScatteringbyKOHAggregates 143
11.2.6 ColorCentersinKOH 143
11.2.7 SurfaceStates 144
11.2.8 AbsorptionbyKParticlesinKOH 144
11.2.9 ImpurityAbsorptioninPotassium 144
11.2.10 UnknownMechanism 144
11.3 IntrinsicMechanisms 145
11.4 TwoCriticalExperiments 147
R12 TheoryoftheResidualResistivityAnomalyinPotassium 149
R13 ElectromagneticGenerationofUltrasoundinMetals 154
13.1 Introduction 154
13.2 ForceonLatticeIons 157
13.3 GeneratedSound-waveAmplitude 158
13.3.1 LocalLimit 160
13.3.2 NonlocalLimit 161
13.4 UltrasonicAttenuationandtheHelicon–PhononInteraction 163
13.4.1 Ultrasonicattenuation 163
13.4.2 Helicon–PhononInteraction 165
13.5 SummaryandConcludingRemarks 166
A Appendix 166
X Contents
R14 DynamicsofanIncommensurateCharge-DensityWave 169
14.1 Introduction 169
14.2 EquationsofMotion 170
14.3 JelliumModelforaCDW 171
14.4 Current 172
14.5 EffectsofanAppliedElectricField 173
14.6 CDWAccelerationandEffectiveMass 175
14.7 Conclusion 177
A Appendix 177
R15 MagnetodynamicsofIncommensurateCharge-DensityWaves 179
15.1 Introduction 179
15.2 EquationsofMotion 179
15.3 EffectsofanAppliedMagneticField 180
15.4 MagnetoresistanceandHallCoefficient 185
15.5 TheoryoftheInducedTorque 186
15.6 Conclusions 187
A Appendix 188
R16 PhaseExcitationsofChargeDensityWaves 190
16.1 Fermi-SurfaceInstabilities 190
16.2 HyperfineEffectsofCDW’s 191
16.3 Phasons 192
16.4 PhasonTemperatureFactor 193
16.5 PhasonNarrowingofHyperfineBroadening 194
16.6 Conclusions 196
A Discussion 196
R17 FrictionalForceonaDriftingCharge-DensityWave 199
17.1 Introduction 199
17.2 EquilibriumElectronDistribution 200
17.3 ElectronRelaxationTime 205
17.4 FrictionalEffectsofScatteringontheCDWDriftVelocity 207
17.5 Conclusions 210
R18 AttenuationofPhaseExcitationsinCharge-DensityWaveSystems 212
18.1 Introduction 212
18.2 PhasonsandElectron–Phasoninteraction 213
18.3 Scatteringof“Belly”Electrons 215
18.4 Scatteringof“ConicalPoint”Electrons 217
18.5 Conclusions 219
A Appendix 220
R19 Charge-DensityWavesandIsotropicMetals 221
19.1 Introduction 221
19.2 TheoreticalSummary 222
19.2.1 Wave-MechanicalDescription 222