Table Of ContentAnimal Behavior
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Title: Animal Behavior Short / Normal Publishing Services
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Animal Behavior
Concepts, Methods, and Applications
SeCond edition
Shawn e. nordell
Washington University in St. Louis
Thomas J. Valone
Saint Louis University
new York oxford
oXFoRd UniVeRSitY PReSS
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Title: Animal Behavior Short / Normal Publishing Services
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Title: Animal Behavior Short / Normal Publishing Services
For
Buck, ernie, Kirby, Grace, Max, and Louie
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Title: Animal Behavior Short / Normal Publishing Services
Brief Contents
Chapter 1 The Science of Animal Behavior 3
Chapter 2 Methods for Studying Animal Behavior 23
Chapter 3 Evolution and the Study of Animal Behavior 41
Chapter 4 Behavioral Genetics 61
Chapter 5 Sensory Systems and Behavior 87
Chapter 6 Communication 113
Chapter 7 Learning, Neuroethology, and Cognition 147
Chapter 8 Foraging Behavior 181
Chapter 9 Antipredator Behavior 213
Chapter 10 Dispersal and Migration 241
Chapter 11 Habitat Selection, Territoriality, and Aggression 273
Chapter 12 Mating Behavior 301
Chapter 13 Mating Systems 335
Chapter 14 Parental Care 363
Chapter 15 Sociality 391
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Contents
Preface xxi
Chapter 1 The Science of Animal Behavior 3
1.1 Animals and their behavior are an integral part of human society 4
Recognizing and defining behavior 5
Measuring behavior: elephant ethograms 5
1.2 The scientific method is a formalized way of knowing about the natural world 7
The importance of hypotheses 7
The scientific method 8
negative results and directional hypotheses 10
Correlation and causality 11
Hypotheses and theories 12
Social sciences and the natural sciences 12
1.3 Scientists study both the proximate mechanisms that generate behavior and the ultimate
reasons why the behavior evolved 13
1.4 Researchers have examined animal behavior from a variety of perspectives over time 14
darwin and adaptation 15
early comparative psychology 15
Comparative psychology in north America 16
Behaviorism 16
Classical ethology 17
interdisciplinary approaches 17
1.5 Anthropomorphic explanations of behavior assign human emotions to animals and can be
difficult to test 18
Chapter Summary and Beyond 20
Chapter Questions 20
Features
SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 1.1 – Robin abundance and food availability 9
SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 1.2 – Robin abundance and predators 11
APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 1.1 – Human infant crying 14
APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 2.1 – What is behind the “guilty look” in dogs? 19
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viii Contents
Chapter 2 Methods for Studying Animal Behavior 23
2.1 Animal behavior scientists test hypotheses to answer research questions about behavior 24
Hypothesis testing in wolf spiders 24
Generating hypotheses 26
Hypotheses from mathematical models 26
2.2 Researchers use observational, experimental, and comparative methods to study behavior 28
The observational method 28
The observational method and reproductive energetics of chimpanzees 29
The experimental method 31
The experimental method and jumping tadpoles 31
The comparative method 33
The comparative method and the evolution of burrowing behavior in mice 33
2.3 Animal behavior research requires ethical animal use 34
How research can affect animals 35
Sources of ethical standards 35
The three Rs 36
2.4 Scientific knowledge is generated and communicated to the scientific community
via peer-reviewed research 36
The primary literature 37
The secondary literature 37
Chapter Summary and Beyond 39
Chapter Questions 39
Features
SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 2.1 – Jumping tadpoles 32
APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 2.1 – Project Seahorse 29
TOOLBOX 2.1 – Animal sampling techniques 38
TOOLBOX 2.2 – Scientific literacy 38
Chapter 3 Evolution and the Study of Animal Behavior 41
3.1 Evolution by natural selection favors behavioral adaptations that enhance fitness 42
Measures of heritability 43
Great tit exploratory behavior 43
Variation within a population 45
Frequency-dependent selection 46
Fitness and adaptation 47
3.2 Modes of natural selection describe population changes 48
directional selection in juvenile ornate tree lizards 49
disruptive selection in spadefoot toad tadpoles 50
Stabilizing selection in juvenile convict cichlids 52
Studying adaptation: the cost-benefit approach 54
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Contents ix
3.3 Individual and group selection have been used to explain cooperation 54
3.4 Sexual selection is a form of natural selection that focuses on the reproductive fitness
of individuals 56
Sexual selection in widowbirds 56
Chapter Summary and Beyond 59
Chapter Questions 59
Features
SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 3.1 – Heritability of great tit exploratory behavior 44
SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 3.2 – Stabilizing selection on territory size in cichlids 53
APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 3.1 – do lemmings commit suicide? 55
TOOLBOX 3.1 – Genetics primer 58
Chapter 4 Behavioral Genetics 61
4.1 Behaviors vary in their heritability 62
4.2 Behavioral variation is associated with genetic variation 64
Behavioral differences between wild-type and mutant-type fruit flies 65
Major and minor genes 66
Fire ant genotype and social organization 66
experimental manipulation of gene function: knockout studies 67
Anxiety-related behavior and knockout of a hormone receptor in mice 68
QtL mapping to identify genes associated with behavior 69
QtL mapping for aphid feeding behavior 69
4.3 The environment influences gene expression and behavior 70
Social environment and gene expression in fruit flies 70
Social environment and birdsong development 71
Social environment and gene expression in birds 72
environmental effects on zebrafish aggression 73
Gene-environment interactions 74
Rover and sitter foraging behavior in fruit flies 76
4.4 Genes can limit behavioral flexibility 78
Bold and shy personalities in streamside salamanders 78
Aggressive personalities in fishing spiders 81
Animal personalities: a model with fitness trade-offs 82
Chapter Summary and Beyond 85
Chapter Questions 85
Features
SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 4.1 – environmental effects on zebrafish aggression 75
SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 4.2 – Salamander personalities 80
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