Andrew Taylor Still

125 Pages·2008·8.18 MB·English

Andrew Taylor Still:
1828-1917
•
Andrew
Ta lor
iliE
~S
~/'t~~
Carol Trowbndge
THE THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY PRESS
Northeast Missouri State University
Kirksville, Missouri
1991
©The ThomasJefferson Unillersity Press
1991 .
NMSU LB 115 Kirksville, Missouri 63501 USA
Allrights reserved.
Printed in the United States ofAmerica. • \
For my husband, Bob
Library ofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data
Trowbridge, Carol, 1939-
Andrew TaylorStill: 1828-1917/ by Carol Trowbridge.
p. em.
Includes bibliographical references.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-943549-06-x
I.Still,A.T. (AndrewTaylor), 1828-1917.2. Osteopaths-United
States-Biography. 3. Osteopathy-History. I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Still, A. T. (Andrew Taylor), 1828-1927. 2. Osteo
pathicMedicine-biography.3.OsteopathicMedicine-history.WZ 100
S857T]
RZ332.S85T76 1990
615S33'092-dc20
[B]
DNLM/DLC
for Library ofCongress 90-11307
CIP
Composedand typesetbyTheThomasJeffersonUniversity Press atNortheastMissouri
State University. Text is set in Bembo II 10/12. Printed by Edwards Bros., Inc., Ann Arbor,
Mic~igan.
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements ofthe American
National Standard for Permanence ofPaperforPrinted Library Materials Z39.48, 1984.
Contents
• List of Illustrations
Vln
Acknowledgments
lX
Preface
Xl
PART 1
A FAMILYJOURNEY
Chapter 1 Sons ofThunder
3
Chapter 2 A Howling Wilderness
24
Chapter 3 A Kansas Melodrama
41
PART 2
THE JOURNEY OF
ANDREW TAYLOR STILL
Chapter 4 A New Beginning
84
Chapter 5 A New Science
125
Chapter 6 The Old Doctor
155
~
Appendix Andrew Taylor Still Family Album 199
Selected Bibliography
216
Index
225
List of Illustrations
Acknowledgments
I gratefully acknowledge the support of my colleagues at the Still
National OsteopathicMuseumwho,withlittleoutsidehelp, haveestablished
AndrewTaylorStill v. A. T. Still and Dr. William Smith 142 a lepository for this important slice of medical history. For the prompt
attention to my numerous requests, I sincerely thank the staffat the A. T.
Abram Still 2 Original ClassinOsteopathy.1892-93146 Still Memorial Library ofthe Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine
Martha Poage Moore Still 6 A. T. Still's Infirmary 150 and the Kansas State Historical Society. Officials at Baker Universitywere
James Moore'sJourney - A Prayer Infirmary Rule Card 153 alsohelpful and cordial, makingmytime theremoreeffective. LuanaQuick
for Help 9 A. T. Still on Porch ofFirst School 154 and Marcie Murphy gave me courage with their constructive suggestions
Mary Moore Reading the Bible 10 West Infirmary ofOsteopathy, Iowa 170 and kind words about an early version of the manuscript; the enthusiasm
ofmy first typist, Dixie Baxley, gave me hope that others might find the
Still Family Cabin 14
ASO Faculty. ca. 1899 172 book interesting.
Mary Still Adams 25 A. T. Still Surgical Sanitarium, 1898 175 Two Stillfamily members, MaryJane Denslow audElizabeth Laughlin,
GUllO'S Family Health Book 29 Students Taught X-Ray Diagnosis 177 supplied information upon request; more importantly, they conveyed a
Indian Missions in Kansas 38 sense of the atmosphere-perhaps now gone-that pervaded the profession
ASO Convention of1897 180
as it struggled to gain recognition and preserve the founder's philosophy.
The Wakarusa Mission 43
A. T. Still at the Sol Morris farm, MaryJane is the granddaughter ofAndrewTaylorStill andwas the driving
Lawrence, Kansas, 1854-55 50 Millard, Missouri 184 force behind the formation ofthe Still National Osteopathic Museum, as
J. B. Abbott's Notebook 60 Mark Twain's ~tterto A. T. Still 191 well as a major contributor to its archives. Her late husband, J. Stedman
J. B. Abbott 62 A. T. Still at age 85 195 Denslow, D.O., was active in osteopathic research. His work and his
Bleeding Kansas 65 Death Notice 197 connections with leaders in the basic science fields were instrumental in
securingthefirst governmeutresearchfunds forosteopathiccolleges.Elizabeth
Brothers and Sisters ofAndrew Andrew Taylor Still 199 Laughlin, whose late husband George Andrew was a grandson of the ,tJ)
Taylor Still 72
Mary Elvira Turner Still 201 founder and a highly respected osteopathic physician, shared the Still
J. B. Abbott's Notebook 74
manuscripts in her possession. Without the full cooperation ofMaryJane
Marusha Hale Still 202
BakerUniversity, 1858 80 and Elizabeth this book could not have been written. Elizabeth's extensive
Charles Edward Still 204
Andrew Taylor Still 82 genealogical library and personal files on the Still family, along with the
Mary Elvira Turner Still 87 Harry Mix Still 207 written recollections ofAndrewTaylorStill's sisters, MaryStill Adams and
Certificate from Kansas State Militia 90 Herman Taylor Still 209 Marovia Still Clark, and Mary Elivra's niece, lone Hulett, D.O., inspired
me to take a more comprehensive approach to the intellectual world of
J.B. Abbott's Phrenological Chart 104 Fred Still 211 the nineteeth century that helped to shape Still's thinking.
A. T. Still's Butter Churn Award 114 Martha Helen Blanche Still 213 No one has published a detailed biography of Andrew Taylor Still.
A. T. Still, ca. 1875 130 Still Family D.O. Chart 215 His autobiography contains a general outline of his life and others have
"LighteningBonesetter" Card 136 Still Family, ca. 1906 224 recorded intimate recollections ofhis behavior and character, but there are
many gaps. Indeed, Still himself-although seeming eccentric and
egotistical-dwelled more upon the actual philosophy ratherthan its origins
or his personal travails.
In a book that touches on so many fields of history, I am grateful to
innumerable historians who have published theirresearch. Isincerelyappreci
ate the critiques ofexperts in their fields: Dr. David March, who read the
ix
x ANDREW TAYLORSTILL
manuscriptatvarious stages and gentlysteeredme toward historicalprecision.
Preface
and Dr. Connie HoltJones for her editorial suggestions, as well as readers
who commented on early versions ofthe manuscript. Most ofall, I thank
Dr. Robert Schnucker, who saw promise in my early manuscript and gave
WHEN.IN1976,OURFAMILYMOVEDTOKIRKSVILLE,MISSOURI,thebirthplace
guidance with his penetrating questions. .
of osteopathic medicine, I knew nothing ofAndrew Taylor Still and his
Finally, I thank my family, Bob, Carey, Rob, Diane, and Scott, for
philosophy, nor about the osteopathic profession. I had known several
their patience during the eight years from conceptlOn to .c~mpletlOn of
D.G.s earlierandwas impressed by theirdesire to enter aprofession whose
this book. Especially to my husband, Bob, for hlS uncondltlonal support
credibilityin medical circles, until recently, hadbeen questioned. Through
during the good moments and the bad, I am forever indebted.
my exposure to osteopathicmedicine, myacquaintancewith manydedicated
practicing D.O.s, and mywork in the Still National Osteopathic Museum,
Carol Trowbridge
Ibecame increasinglypuzzled about osteopathy's dubious standing because
Visalia, California
the philosophy seemed so reasonable. While attempting to understaod
September, 1990 osteopathy, I became fascinated with the life ofits founder, his family, his
philosophy and its origins, and nineteenth-century America in general.
At 10:00 A.M. on June 22, 1874, an American physician, Andrew
Taylor Still, experienced a life-changing revelation, one he believed could
revolutionize nineteenth-centurymedicine. Ten years earlier, Still had lost
threeofhis childrentocerebrospinalmeningitis, andwiththemallconfidence
and hope in the medical therapy ofhis day. Emotionally wrought by grief
,
andintellectuallydisgustedwithtraditional medicine,Stillbecameobsessed
with finding the cause and the cure for disease. In that hope he was not
alone.
Those were times of medical uncertainty. From the 1850s until the
1880s, the foundation ofthe system called heroic medicine was crumbling.
Traditional drugs and techniques used by physicians since the 1770s were
questioned: excessive bleeding, purging with massive. doses ofemetics and
cathartics, use of stand-by drugs such as calomel or mercurous chloride.
Many physicians turned to administering the addictive drugs of opium, ;Iii
cocaine, and alcohol rather than continue with bleeding and purging. The
safest therapy in those days seemed to be to do nothing. As the medical
profession wallowed in a sea of therapeutic nihilism, a growing number
ofphysicians urged areturn to a more conservative therapy that relied on
the powers ofnature. Many were searching for a blueprint to bring order
to themedical chaosand to onceandforall establish medicineasascientific
discipline. Still's blueprint, founded firmly upon principles of the grand
scientific theory ofhis day-evolution-came in thatJune flash ofinspiration.
Years of thought, study, and experimentation followed before Still
openedtheAmericanSchoolofOsteopathyin thefall of1892inKirksville,
Missouri, asmall obscure town far removed from the centers oftraditional
medicine. But distance from traditional medicine was exactly what Still
had in mind. His graduates, at first called Diplomates ofOsteopathy, and
later Doctors of Osteopathy (D.O.s), were to become the vanguard of a
Xl
xu ANDREW TAYLOR STILL PREFACExiii
ongms of his philosophy. Most references to Still within the profession
drugless revolution in medical philosophy and therapy. As the vanguard
point to his eccentricity, to a man on the path ofsome gems oftruth, but
of that revolution, they, like other medical pioneers who met with bitter
certainly a radical. Outside the profession his image fares much worse. A
opposition,struggledfor nearly acenturyagainstalmost incredible obstacles.
recentreviewerofmedicalhistorycharacterizedhis ideas as"crazy." Others
Based upon biological ptinciples and intimately tied to the structure
0rp'ore kindly view him as an eccentric quack isolated from the mainstream
of the human organism, Still's philosophy of osteopathy was holistic and
naturalistic, emphasizing health rather than disease. He believed that the medical thought. Mostly, Still is ignored.
From 1874until 1892,ostracizedby his family and others, Stillwandered
body was perfect. From this belief came four basic encompassing and
the northeast Missouri countryside lecturing about his new science to
interrelating principles: (1) the human body functions as a total biologic
anyone who would listen. Dressed all in black, his trouser legs carelessly
unit, (2) the body possesses self-healing and self-regulatory mechanisms,
tucked into his knee high boots, and with a bag containing a complete set
(3) structure and function are interrelated, and (4) abnormal pressure in
of human bones flung over his shoulder, Still was indeed the picture of
one part of the body produces abnormal pressures and strains upon other
eccentricity. Later his stubborn reluctance to include traditional medicine
parts of the body. Disregarding drugs, Still used a manipulative therapy
in the curriculumofhis schoolwouldjustcompound this persistent image.
designed to release the healing powers ofnature. This drugless revolution
was effectivelysilencedonthepoliticalfront, andosteopathy'scontribution A lack of historical perspective does make Still appear strange and is an
injustice to an insightful man whose ideas were at once a product of his
to American medicine has been virtually ignored so that neither Andrew
time and, in their practical applications, ahead of his time. Indeed, Still
Taylor Still nor osteopathy have yet to be accorded their proper places in
was on the cutting edge of nineteenth-century scientific thought and
the formal annals ofAmerican medical tradition.
Todaythe osteopathicprofessionis thrivingwithfifteen medicalschools philosophy. The drugless approach was radical (and one supposes it always
mostlystatesupported. There are about thirty thousandAmerican physicians will be), but within the context of nineteenth-century medicine, "crazy"
who enjoy full practice rights in medicine and surgery in all states and Still appears to have been one of the thoroughly sane physicians around.
Even today, when many millions of dollars continue to finance drug
territories,andwhotake the same nationalboardexaminationsfor licensure
research, the future ofmedicine may lie in the very area Still emphasized,
as M.D.s,' but this status has been attained relatively recently. Struggling
the immune system of the body.
to be accepted while retaining its uniqueness, the profession's story is
AstatementbyRonaldG.WaltersinTheAllti-Slal'eryAppealencouraged
dramatic. As the twentieth century draws to aclose, some observers (who
future historians to discern what made reformers American rather than
question the D.O.'s desire to remain independent), believe the profession
what made them eccentric. That idea focused my research, taking me far
is experiencing aserious identity crisis. For all practical purposes they have
beyondwhat I originallyintended to do, and led to agreater understanding
become medical doctors.
ofStill and osteopathy.
Manipulative therapy, once an indispensable part of the osteopaths'
Thestoryofthis manandofhis medicalmovementisvirtuallyunknown
practice, has been widely abandoned. Bending to overwhelming political
to the majority ofAmericans, yet both are uniquelyAmerican. Still experi
and socio-economic pressures to conform, and philosophically battered by
ever-increasing discoveries of"miracle drugs," the D.O.s surrendered their enced the great Westward movement, the second Industrial Revolution,
and the Scientific Awakening. He participated in the border warfare of
uniqueness long ago. My initial effort to mesh the story ofAndrewTaylor
BleedingKansasandsubsequentlyservedintheCivilWar. Moreimportant
Still with that of the osteopathic profession proved to be like mixing oil
to the story ofosteopathy, he was born the son ofAbram Still, a frontier
andwater, for the D.O.s'recentsuccesscanbeattributedtotheiracceptance
Methodist circuit rider, so that the Methodist doctrine of perfectionism
ofpractices that its founder abhorred: drugs and conformance to medical
permeates his philosophy, just as it permeated in some form or fashion
curricula.
Since the beginning, the battle to be recognized as "real" doctors has most of nineteenth-century American thought and activity.
dominated the profession, overshadowing the story ofits founder and the Perfectionism, popularizedbytheEnglishfounder ofMethodism,John
Wesley, meant a state ofholiness in which one devoted a heart and a life
to God. Wesley believed that ultimate perfection was possible only after
death, but he taught that since one's salvation was not predestined, the
lAwcricall OsteopathicAssociatiofl Yearbook alldDirectoryofOsteopatlJicPh}'sicilillS(Chicago:
process ofbecoming perfectedcould begin in this life. By simply declaring
American Osteopathic Association, 1990), 501. The figures include all American D.O.'s in
addition to those serving in the military, the U. S. Public Health Service, in Canada, and in one's faith and taking responsibility for one's own actions, a Methodist
othet foreign countries.
XIV ANDREW TAYLOR STILL
could, step by step, move closer to perfection.'This theme ofMethodism
which focused attention on improvement ofthe individual soul infiltrated
secular nineteenth-century American institutions. Some philosophers
expanded the concept ofperfectionism to what was perceived as the next
logical step and asked: if God is perfect, how can anything He made,
including humankind, be imperfect?'This was Still's position, but it was •
a stance that ignored the need for-and the essence of-Wesley's doctrine
of perfectionism: the theological concept of original sin. Because of his
move away from the Methodist evangelism of his childhood, Still, like
many others of his era who accepted the theory of evolution, was to
experience serious emotional trauma.
Still's world was never the same after he found himselfmore attuned
to the thinking oftranscendentalists. Universalists, spiritualists,mesmerists,
andphrenologists-allofwhomspearheaded movementsbased onahuman
Part One:
centeredworld operating undernatural laws. Their ideas vibrated throughout
nineteenth-centuryAmerican thought andpaved thewayfor the acceptance
A FamilyJourney
ofthe theory ofevolution.'Although osteopathywas born on the frontier,
Still drew from the swift-flowing intellectual ideas of the nineteenth
century. formulating his science from phrenology, mesmerism or magnetic
healing, bonesetting, spiritualism, perfectionism. mechanics, andevolutionary
concepts. As Still's story can be best understood by placing him in the
world of his times, the first patt of this book is about the Still family
environment. The second part picks up Still's personal story. to show as
closely as possible the choices open to him during those times.
2Leo George Cox,lollll Wesley's COflccptofPerfeetiollism (Kansas City: Beacon Hill Press,
1968).72-75.
JSee Ronald G. Walters, American Reformers, 1815-1860 (New York: Wang and Hill,
1978),145-46.
"These movements and their connection with the theory ofevolution have not been
adequately explored by historians. Martin Gardner,"Bumpson the Head,"Nell' York RCl'iew
ofBooks35no.8(March 17,1988):8-10,reviewedPseudo-Sciencea"dSociet)'illNineteelltIJ-Celltllry
America,ed. ArthurWrobel, (Lexington: UniversityPressofKentucky, 1987).In his review,
Gardnerquestions the contributors'sympatheticleanings toward the pseudo-sciencesand the
men who championed them. He also decried the omission from the book of the "crazy
doctrinesofAndrewStill"andPalmer'schiropractic.Atthesametimeandinthesamebreath,
the reviewerwished that the contributors hadaddressed the"ignorantattacks onevolution,"
clearly indicating that he and many others are unaware ofthe intimate relationship between
theso-calledpseudosciences,theoriginsofosteopathy,chiropractic,andevolutionaryphilosophy.
"Bumps on the Head," Nell' York Rel/iew ofBooks 34 no. 8 (March 17, 1988): 8-10.
2 ANDREW TAYLOR STILL CHAPTER 1
1
Sons of Thunder
•
I rcsolpcd that I would take lip thesubject alldascertaill IJr ilwcstigatioll .
whether it could be prO/lell as stated lJ)'i:(le gray-headed sages ofthe p"lpit,
t!Jat the !/Iorks ofGod /IIould prolle His pcrjcetioll.
A. T. Still
I
WHENABRAM ANDMARTHASTILLDIED,asegmentofAmerican history
died with them. Abram and Martha were the parents of Andrew Taylor
Still. Abram was one ofthose "sages ofthe pulpit," an old-time Methodist
preacher; Martha was a pioneer woman who went with her husband to
every outpost despite the danger, the remoteness, or her own reluctance.
Although Andrew would later turn away from organized religion, from
Methodism he inherited an aversion to alcohol and slavery, an interest in
education, and a Wesleyan approach to medicine that emphasized health
rather than disease. Andrew lived in an environment emotionally charged
with evangelism and he-perhaps more than others- was instilled with the
visions and responsibilities of reform.
AcolleaguedescribedAbram'ssermons as "plain,pointed andpractical.'"
No higher compliment could be paid to a frontier Methodist minister, for
the Methodists of that day did not consider "plain" in any sense to mean
dull: they practiced a zealous style ofreligion and devotion to soul-saving
that-on the surfaceatleast-wouldbebarelyrecognizable to thedenomination
today. Methodist preachers ofAbram's day dressed in somber black; their
steely eyes were uncompromising in the face of any evil, and they posed
afonnidable presence intheirlawless surroundings on theAmericanfrontier.
Abram and his fellow preachers were characterized as "sons of thunder"]
for their fire-and-brimstone preaching, their frightening descriptions of
hell, and their colorful interpretations ofthe Day ofJudgment. Imaginary
thunderand lightening crashedviolentlyabout theiroutdoorcamp meeting
pulpits when they battled the Devil and the forces of evil in a forested
setting, eerily lighted by flickering pine knot torches. Their self-taught
vocabulary conjured up such hair-raising images that many children would
ABRAM STILL
wer~ f~re
Early Methodist circuit riders charact.eri.zed as "sons of thu.nder" for .tlH',ir ,and
brimstone preaching, thcir frightcnlng descnpnons ofhell, ?nd the~rcolorful II1tcrpre.tanons IA. T. Still, Allto/liogmphy(Kirksville, Mo.: By the Author, 1897), 319.
oftheDayofJudgment,BecauseofAbram,AndrewTaylorSnll'scnVlronmentwasc~~tlO~lally 2Joseph Dennison,"Mcmoirs, Rev, A. Still," AI/Ill/Illi\1iuHtesoftheKl1IlStlS CO/lfac/lcc, AI.
charged with evangelism that instilled in him, perhaps ~ore,than ~,thers, the VISIOns and E. Church, 1868,28-29.
responsibilities ofreform. (Photo courtesy Kansas State l-hstoncal Sonety) IWilliamBrownlow Posey,TheDel'rloplllCllt(!(Aletfwdismi,1theOldSOl/thwest, 178.3-1824
(Philadelphia: Methodist Hook Concern, 1933), 23.
4 ANDREW TAYLOR STILL CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1 SONS OF THUNDER 5
never again experience a storm without the Day ofJudgment flashing was no deterrent to the circuitrider; acommonadagewas"thereis nothing
through their minds:'Although their sermons vibrated with the wrath of out today but crows and Methodist preachers.""It mattered little to these
God,Methodism'sunderlyingthemewas one ofhope, love, andbrotherhood. Methodists that they were called "deluded fanatics" by most of the pious
By the time Abram began his itinerant ministry, Methodism, with its settlers (who happened to be Presbyterian) or the rest (who were godless).'
democratic doctrine, organizational structure, and masterful use of the Poor sinners were stalked relentlessly.
camp meeting, was the largest Protestant denomination in America. • The circuit riders' lonely ride to isolatedsettlements tookthem through
Abram was probably converted to Christianity during one ofthe early forests abounding with wild animals. When a Tazewell resident died in
nineteenth-century camp meetings when he lived in Tennessee. There, as 1850, it was reported that he had killed more than twelve hundred bears
in Kentucky and throughout the mountains ofAppalachia, camp-meeting during his lifetime. Abram Still, on his less worldly hunt, carriedweapons
fervorwas most intense. According to afamily legend among the survlvmg ofa different sort: Bibles, books, hymnals, andJohn Milton's works which
scraps of Still family history, Abram's father Boaz was a Scotch-Irish circuit riders frequently used as ahandy reference for vivid descriptions of
frontiersman who married Mary Lyda, of Dutch descent. Boaz was a hell-fire.10
slaveholder who liked whiskey, race horses, and wagering on fighting In Tazewell Abram met his future wife, Martha Poage Moore. The
cocks;5 his sinful activities surely made him a prime target for frontier Moores were Methodists and undoubtedly their isolated cabin in Abb's
Methodist preachers. One can only imagine the conversations betw~en Valley was a haven for preachers assigned to the remote and rugged
Mary Lyda and Boaz about the morality ofhis hobbies. Although nothm.g Tazewell Circuit. Early settlers, like Martha's grandfather, CaptainJames
more is known ofBoaz and Mary or their religious feelings, two oftheir Moore III, were of hardy Scotch-Irish and German stock. Jeffersonian
fifteen children, Abram and Elijah, became Methodist circuit riders. , Democratsatfirst. theycame to embraceJacksonianDemocracyso strongly
In 1818 Abram was assigned to the Tazewell Circuit in southwestern that the older men continued to vote for Andrew Jackson long after his
Virginia,part ofaregioncalledtheHolston.Surroundedbyloftymountains, name had disappeared from the presidential ballot.II Because Tazewell
Holston cut across state lines at various places to include portions of County was located on the old Indian road from the Ohio River to the
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia. The Western settlements, thesettlers'family talesweresteepedintragic leir~ends
boundaries ofTazewellCountystretched to encompass nearly three thousand ofbloody Indian massacres, tortures, and captivities.12IndependentScotch
square miles from mountaintop to mountaintop, through narrow gaps and Irishfrontiersmen establishedtheadvance outpostsintheAmericanwilder
valleys, and across crystal clear rivers roaring in their inevitable rush to ness. Between 1730 and 1770, a half-million Scotch-Irish emigrated from
the Ohio River. Mineral springs spurted from the depths ofthe earth and Ulster. Most settled first in Pennsylvania and then migrated into the
the entire county was blanketed in a virtual garden of medicinal plants." Appalachian Mountains to act as a buffer of defense against the Indians,
Before the county was organized in 1800, even voting was averitable with little help from the government. Before 1794 these pioneers were in
endurance test. for many ofthe settlers had to cross four large mountains constant conflict, particularly with the Shawnees, whose former home and
and forge unpredictable streams to get to the nearest polls.' Voting was hunting grounds the settlers had recently come to occupy. Advertisements
easier when Abram began his ministry in Tazewell, but travehng the in early frontier newspapers that sought information about relatives and
winding mountainous trails inweather that could changewithoutwarning
was a daily peril. Fickle winds blew through the valleys; in the higher
elevations the winters were particularly severe. After snowstorms, when
the mountains were shroudedin asilentwhite haze. thepicturesquecircuit
riderandhis horseemergedonthe horizonas aghostly silhouette. Weather
HPosey, DCl'elopmcllt ofMcthodism, 36,
')Faronepioneercircuitrider'sdescription,seeD.R.McAnualy,LifcalldTimesofRcllcrend
4Gwcral History ojMacon COUllt)'(Chicago: Henry Taylor and Co., 1910), 154. S. Pattoll, D.C., alld Anllals ofthe Holstoll CO/yermct.' (St, Louis:, Methodist Book Concern,
SLetterfromOtharMcCleanofPasoRobles,CaliforniatoMaryJaneLaughlinDenslow, 1859). 33.
February 27, 1978, Still National Osteopathic Museum, Kirksville, Missouri. WEIHs Merton Coulter, William G. Brownloll': Fi,~htillg Parsoll ojthe SOUtilCrtJ H(~hla"ds
I>LewisPrestonSummers,Anlllll~'ojSOJlthwestVirgillia, 1769-1800, (1929; rpt.Baltimore: (Chapel Hill: Universiry ofNorth Carolina Press, 1937),9,
Genealogical Publishing Co., 1970), 2:434-49. llPendleton,Hist0t), ofTazel/lell COlillty, 1:520.
7W. C. Pendleton, Pcndletoll's Hist0t}' ojTazcwell COlillty a"d Southwest Vir,~inia, 2vols, 11See Summers, Allnals, and James Moore Brown and Robert Bell Woodroth, The
(Richmond, Va.: W. C. Hill Printing Co, 1922), 1:520. Captives ojAbb's Valler, (Staunton, Va.: McClure Co., 1942), for accounts ofthis story,