Analytics for the Sharing Economy: Mathematics, Engineering and Business Perspectives PDF
Preview Analytics for the Sharing Economy: Mathematics, Engineering and Business Perspectives
Emanuele Crisostomi · Bissan Ghaddar · Florian Häusler · Joe Naoum-Sawaya · Giovanni Russo · Robert Shorten Editors Analytics for the Sharing Economy: Mathematics, Engineering and Business Perspectives Analytics for the Sharing Economy: Mathematics, Engineering and Business Perspectives Emanuele Crisostomi Bissan Ghaddar (cid:129) (cid:129) ä Florian H usler Joe Naoum-Sawaya (cid:129) (cid:129) Giovanni Russo Robert Shorten (cid:129) Editors Analytics for the Sharing Economy: Mathematics, Engineering and Business Perspectives 123 Editors Emanuele Crisostomi Bissan Ghaddar DESTEC IveyBusiness School University of Pisa University of Western Ontario Pisa,Italy London,Canada Florian Häusler Joe Naoum-Sawaya Moovel Group GmbH IveyBusiness School Stuttgart, Germany London,ON, Canada GiovanniRusso RobertShorten Department ofInformation & Electrical Dyson Schoolof DesignEngineering Engineering andAppliedMathematics Imperial CollegeLondon University of Salerno London,UK Fisciano, Salerno, Italy ISBN978-3-030-35031-4 ISBN978-3-030-35032-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35032-1 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Emanuele Crisostomi, Bissan Ghaddar, Florian Häusler, Joe Naoum-Sawaya, Giovanni Russo and Robert Shorten The Mathematics of Sharing Optimization Methods: An Applications-Oriented Primer . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Antonio Frangioni and Laura Galli Networked Systems Theory: Distributed Algorithms for Optimal Cooperation of Dynamical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Lucia Pallottino On Distributed Generalized Nash Equilibrium Seeking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Sergio Grammatico Queueing Theory in the Context of Shared Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Christopher King Enablers for Collaborative Consumption Advances in Cloud Computing, Wireless Communications and the Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Gopika Premsankar and Mario Di Francesco Distributed Ledger Technologies and the Collaborative Economy . . . . . 95 Pietro Ferraro and Daniel Conway Sharing Economy: A Business Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Paolo Roma Distributed Algorithms for Internet-of-Things-Enabled Prosumer Markets: A Control Theoretic Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Syed Eqbal Alam, Robert Shorten, Fabian Wirth and Jia Yuan Yu v vi Contents Negotiation Approaches for Sharing Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Pierre Pinson, Fabio Moret, Thomas Baroche and Athanasios Papakonstantinou Behaviour Change for the Sharing Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Léa Deleris and Pól Mac Aonghusa Platforms and New Use Cases Sharing Data in Automotive Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Joachim Taiber On Parsing Shared Information: An Application from the Connected Car Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Rodrigo Ordóñez-Hurtado, Giovanni Russo, Sam Sinnott and Robert Shorten Mobility on Demand in the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Susan Shaheen and Adam Cohen Data-Driven Rebalancing Methods for Bike-Share Systems . . . . . . . . . . 255 Daniel Freund, Ashkan Norouzi-Fard, Alice Paul, Carter Wang, Shane G. Henderson and David B. Shmoys Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Thomas Morstyn and Malcolm D. McCulloch Healthcare and the Sharing Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Jad Bitar Industry4.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Edoardo Calia and Davide D’Aprile Industry 4.0 and The Sharing Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Robert Shorten, John Oliver, Deirdre Clayton, Ammar Malik and Hugo Lhachemi Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Emanuele Crisostomi, Bissan Ghaddar, Florian Häusler, Joe Naoum-Sawaya, Giovanni Russo and Robert Shorten Introduction EmanueleCrisostomi,BissanGhaddar,FlorianHäusler,JoeNaoum-Sawaya, GiovanniRussoandRobertShorten This edited volume grew out of our shared interest in one of the most disruptive, andparadoxically,oldestideas,currentlyshapingbusinessesacrosstheglobe:col- laborativeconsumption.Collaborativeconsumption,orthesharingeconomyasitis alsoknown,referstobusinessesthatarebasedonsharingresourcesandservices,as opposedtotraditionalownership-basedmodels.Drivenbywidespreadconnectivity, newtechnologybrickssuchasblockchainand3Dprinting,andmoreinformedcon- sumers,thisnewparadigmiscausingawaveofdisruptionacrossindustries,andis leadingtoempowermentofcitizensandcommunitiesinwaysthatwereunimagin- able just a short time ago. Prominent examples are the peer-to-peer lodging com- pany Airbnb, transportation network companies such as Uber, and various online platformswhichfacilitatetheexchangeofservicesamongusers.Thisnewclassof business models is fundamentally different from the current standard approaches. A key component of the sharing economy is the rise of the prosumer; that is the B E.Crisostomi( ) UniversityofPisa,Pisa,Italy e-mail:[email protected] B.Ghaddar·J.Naoum-Sawaya IveyBusinessSchool,UniversityofWesternOntario,London,Canada e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] F.Häusler Moovel,Stuttgart,Germany e-mail:fl[email protected] G.Russo DepartmentofInformation&ElectricalEngineeringandAppliedMathematics, UniversityofSalerno,Fisciano,Salerno,Italy e-mail:[email protected] R.Shorten DysonSchoolofDesignEngineering,ImperialCollegeLondon,London,UK e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 1 E.Crisostomietal.(eds.),AnalyticsfortheSharingEconomy: Mathematics,EngineeringandBusinessPerspectives, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35032-1_1 2 E.Crisostomietal. traditional consumer is replaced by a prosumer who both produces and consumes resources.Thiscanmakesharingeconomiesbothresilientandefficient,butnotwith- outsignificantchallenges.Forexample,issuesoffairness,dimensioning,andsocial compliance, and increasingly the orchestration of both humans and machines, are all issues that go to the heart of the design of sharing economy models. However, notwithstandingthesechallenges,marketforcesdrivingtheemergenceofashared economyareirresistible,andmanylargecorporationsaremovingquicklytodevelop newsharedservices.Roughlyspeaking,opportunitiesaroundsharedproductsgive risetoanumberofsharingmodels[1].First,servicesbasedonopportunisticsharing ofresourcesexploittheavailabilityofidleresourcesandarefacilitatedbyubiquitous mobileconnectivity.Second,infederatedsharing,sharingefficiencyisachievedby aggregatingthedemandofmanyusersandtheiravailableresources.Finally,driven bythesuccessofexistingsharedservices,anumberoflargecompaniesarealready exploringwaystodesignproductswiththespecificobjectiveoftheseproductsbeing shared. Ourobjectiveinthisbookistoprovideasomewhatholisticoverviewofsharing economysystems.Thedesignofsharingeconomyproductsisdrivingnotonlynew andinnovativebusinessmodels,butalsoinnovationintechnology,inbusiness,andin thecreationofnewservices.Itiswiththisbackgroundinmindthatwehaveorganised thiseditedvolume.Firstwegiveanoverviewofsomeofthemathematicsthatisof use in designing shared services; then we speak about some of the technologies thatareenablingthisrevolution;andfinally,wepresentanumberofusecasesthat illustratesomeoftheservicesthatareemerginginthisarea. Finally,whilethisbookhasgrownoutofourcommoninterestinthisnewarea, we are very grateful to the Danish ForskEL Energy Collective project (grant no. 2016-1-12530) and to the Science Foundation Ireland Analytics for the Sharing EconomyProject(grant16/IA/4610),bothofwhichfosteredandenabledsomeof thecollaborationthatgaverisetothisbook. Reference 1. Crisostomi E, Shorten R, Stüdli S, Wirth F (2018) Electric and plug-in hybrid electric net- works:optimizationandcontrol.CRCPress,Taylor&FrancisGroup,AutomationandControl EngineeringSeries The Mathematics of Sharing Emanuele Crisostomi, Bissan Ghaddar, Florian Häusler, Joe Naoum-Sawaya, Giovanni Russo and Robert Shorten 1 Introduction In this first part of the book we give an overview of some of the mathematics that are typically used to design shared services. Indeed, independently on the specific contextofinterest,sharingeconomysystemsareusuallycharacterizedbyanumber ofcommonfeatures.Forinstance,suchsystemsareusuallydesignedtobeoperated inadistributedwayasa(typicallylarge)setofagents/actorsthatinteractwitheach otherthroughsomeformof(possiblystochasticandasynchronous)communication to access a shared good. Consider, for example, trading fashion through a clothes E.Crisostomi UniversityofPisa,Pisa,Italy e-mail:[email protected] B.Ghaddar(cid:1)J.Naoum-Sawaya IveryBusinessSchool,Canada e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] F.Häusler Moovel,Germany e-mail:fl[email protected] G.Russo DepartmentofInformation&ElectricalEngineeringandAppliedMathematics, UniversityofSalerno,Fisciano,Salerno,Italy e-mail:[email protected] R.Shorten DysonSchoolofDesignEngineering,ImperialCollegeLondon,London,UK e-mail:[email protected] 4 E.Crisostomietal. swappingplatformsuchasKleiderkreisel1whereusersinteractwitheachotherand share information through the platform to buy, sell, or trade clothes. The goal of this part is to provide a primer on some of the key methodological tools, typically used when designing a sharing economy system. These method- ologicaltoolsarethenemployedintheremainingpartsofthisbook.Westartwith Chap.2,whereitisshownhowseveralproblemsarisinginthecontextofthisbook canberecastasanoptimizationproblem.Inparticular,anintroductionisofferedon the main theoretical and software tools that are nowadays available to system designers to solve the kind of optimization problems arising in sharing economy systems.Asimplifiedbikesharinguse-caseisusedthroughoutthechaptertoguide thereaderthroughthediscussionofmodelingandalgorithmicissues.InChap.3we build upon these optimization tools to consider the case where the systems are distributed. Inthis chaptercertain distributed optimizationalgorithms aresurveyed anditisshownhowtheproblemofoptimallymanagingasharedresourcebetween asetofuserscanberecastasa(distributed)optimizationproblem.Withinasharing economysystem,theusersrequiringaccesstothesharedgoodcaneithercooperate or compete with each other. A collection of inter-dependent decision making problemsfromagentseachhavingtheirownindividualaimcanberecastasagame. CertaintoolsfromGameTheoryandNashequilibria,relevantforsharingeconomy systems,aresurveyedinChap.4.Finally,inChap.5,aprimerisgivenonqueuing theory. Indeed, in many sharing economy applications, it may happen that the request for a given resource exceeds the available supply. Queuing theory offers a way fordesigning protocols regulatingaccesstotheresource andthechapterlinks the technical concepts to a set of concrete examples. 1https://www.european-business.com/kleiderkreisel-gmbh/portrait/.
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